Effect of cooling rate on the microstructure and properties of FeCrVC

Bleckmann, M.; Gleinig, Johannes; Hufenbach, J.; Wendrock, H.; Giebeler, Lars; Zeisig, Josephine; Diekmann, Uwe; Eckert, J.; Kühn, U.

doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.02.004

Cited by 26 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During the heat treatment of steel, a phenomenon in which the phase transformation starting temperature decreases as the cooling rate increases has been reported previously. [14,15] The higher the cooling rate, the less time is given for the diffusion of carbon atoms, and the phase transformation starts at a relatively low temperature. [16] In the DSC result with the cooling rate of 30 C min À1 , the second phase transformation peak ended at 608.2 C, which meant that the phase transformation from the γ þ α to the α þ θ phases was completed at 608.2 C. In the heat treatment pattern of Figure 2a, after normalizing, cooling was performed only up to the tempering target temperature of 700 C. Therefore, as the phase transformation was not completed during cooling, and an additional phase transformation occurred at a slow rate during tempering, a completely uniform microstructure could not be obtained.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Cooling Rate on Phase Transformation Behavior during Isothermal Annealing of SCr420 Steel

Park

et al. 2022

steel research int.

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Herein, the effect of cooling rate on microstructure formation and phase transformation behaviors during isothermal annealing of the SCr420 steel is investigated. During isothermal annealing, tempering is performed after normalizing, and the effect of cooling conditions from normalizing to tempering is analyzed. As the cooling rate increases, the nonuniform microstructure with the band structure formed after hot forging tends to be homogenized. When the temperature reached during cooling is lowered, the phase transformation is rapidly completed during the cooling process, and the microstructure becomes more homogeneous. Phase transformation behavior during cooling from the normalizing temperature is analyzed through differential scanning calorimetry. Two exothermic reaction peaks are detected, and those peaks are related with the γ → γ + α → α + θ phase transformation. The higher the cooling rate, the lower the phase transformation starting temperature and the higher the phase transformation rate. In addition, from the thermal analysis data, the phase transformation kinetics and activation energy during cooling are analyzed by the Friedman method and the additivity rule. Through this analysis, the Avrami exponent and the activation energy for the phase transformation are derived.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Cooling Rate on Phase Transformation Behavior during Isothermal Annealing of SCr420 Steel

Park

et al. 2022

steel research int.

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“…At a temperature of about 1550 °C the melt was cast into a copper mold with average solidification rates of 10 to 70 K s −1 . [ 9 ] The tailored chemical compositions of the resulting ingots with the dimensions of (70 × 120 × 14) mm 3 were confirmed by carrier gas hot extraction (EMIA 820 V, Horiba) for carbon and by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (IRIS Intrepid II XUV, Thermo Fisher Scientific) for the metallic elements. The determined element concentrations are given in Table 1 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A targeted alloy design and process optimization for the production of high‐strength cast tools are presented in studies of Hufenbach et al [ 6–8 ] The tailored casting technology implies high solidification rates ≥ 10 K s −1 by using a copper mould. [ 9 ] No additional heat treatment is required to produce castings with high hardnesses (≥ 59 HRC), very high compressive strengths (≥ 3500 MPa) with good deformability (≥ 15%) and high abrasive wear resistance similar to conventional tool steels. [ 6–8,10 ] An important alloy representative is the high‐strength Fe85Cr4Mo8V2C1 (wt%) cast steel possessing a dendritic microstructure consisting of martensite, retained austenite and a complex three‐dimensionally formed interdendritic carbide network of MC‐ and M 2 C‐type carbides (M = Mo, V, Cr).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, mechanical post-processing can be minimized and subsequent heat treatment is reduced.A targeted alloy design and process optimization for the production of high-strength cast tools are presented in studies of Hufenbach et al [6][7][8] The tailored casting technology implies high solidification rates ≥ 10 K s À1 by using a copper mould. [9] No additional heat treatment is required to produce castings with…”

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confidence: 99%

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Novel Corrosion‐Resistant Tool Steels with Superior Wear Properties

et al. 2022

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Recent toolmaking faces a growing variety of challenges. Innovative solutions in material development and process technology are required. The application of high-strength and wear-resistant materials and composites in industrial production results in constantly increasing demands on the quality of tools and their performance. Furthermore, tools and moulds must withstand permanent use and superimposed loadings. A high strength, an adequate toughness as well as resistance against wear and corrosion of the applied materials are demanded in the processing of e.g., polymers and composites. Here, polymers with very hard fillers like corundum lead to aggressively abrasive wear conditions for the tools. [1,2] Additionally, the tools have to sustain a corrosive attack due to acids (e.g., hydrochloric and sulfuric acid) deriving from polymerisation and thermal degradation of the polymers. [2,3] Thus, corrosion-resistant cold-work steels (e.g., X90CrMoV18 containing 18% Cr) are primarily applied. Alloy designs in order to meet the rising requirements for tools in plastics processing were studied by e.g., Huth et al. [2,4] based on the attempts to produce corrosion-and wearresistant multiphase steels (e.g., X190CrVMo20-4 as well as X140CrNbMo12-10-2) by powder metallurgy (PM). PM steel tools can partly achieve longer service lives than conventionally produced tool steels, because of the enabled addition of a high number of alloying elements like C, Cr, Nb, V to build a lot of very hard (mono)carbides. However, their production is expensive and complex, and their repair and maintenance by e.g., deposition welding is extremely challenging due to the very high carbide content and enclosed production-related gases in the PM steels. [5] A near-net-shape tool production by casting provides an economical alternative to the mentioned timeconsuming and expensive PM manufacturing. Furthermore, by tailored alloy designs as well as targeted solidification and cooling processes, specific microstructures can be adjusted already in the as cast state without any additional forming and heat treatment procedure. Thus, mechanical post-processing can be minimized and subsequent heat treatment is reduced.A targeted alloy design and process optimization for the production of high-strength cast tools are presented in studies of Hufenbach et al. [6][7][8] The tailored casting technology implies high solidification rates ≥ 10 K s À1 by using a copper mould. [9] No additional heat treatment is required to produce castings with

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