Effect of Constant and Fluctuating Temperature on the Development, Reproduction, Survival, and Sex Ratio of Phenacoccus solenopsis (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)

Waqas, Muhammad; Lin, Lulu; Shoaib, Ali; Cheng, Xinlai; Zhang, Qianqian; Elabasy, Asem Saad Saad; Shi, Zhanjie

doi:10.1093/ee/nvaa023

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…At present, compared with more reports focusing on the impact of high temperature on the distribution [ 3 , 13 , 23 , 32 ], survival [ 15 ], development [ 16 , 17 ], and reproduction [ 17 , 24 ] of P. solenopsis and its parasitoid, there are relatively few reports on morphological characteristics. Phenotype is the result of the interaction of genetic factors and environmental factors (biological and abiotic).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In some countries, this mealybug causes severe economic damage to cotton and to a wide range of vegetables, horticultural plants and other field crops [ 14 ]. At present, many studies have reported the effects of temperature on the survival rate [ 15 ], development [ 16 ], and reproduction [ 17 ] of P. solenopsis . These studies showed that P. solenopsis had strong temperature adaptability [ 18 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effects of Temperature on the Development, Morphology, and Fecundity of Aenasius bambawalei (=Aenasius arizonensis)

Zhang¹,

Tang²,

Huang

2021

Insects

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The effects of high temperature on the developmental, morphological, and fecundity characteristics of insects, including biological invaders and their accompanying natural enemies, are clear. Phenacoccus solenopsis (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) is an aggressive invasive insect pest worldwide. Aenasius bambawalei (=Aenasius arizonensis Girault) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is a predominant accompanying parasitoid of this mealybug. Our previous studies showed that temperature change induced an increase in the female offspring ratio of A. bambawalei. However, whether this increase is the result of a shortened or enhanced development period of the reproductive systems of A. bambawalei remains unknown. Here, we compared the pupal development, hind tibia of female adults, and fecundity of A. bambawalei under different temperatures to clarify the development and morphological changes induced by high temperature and to better understand its potential as an accompanying natural enemy. Our results showed that, at a high temperature (36 °C), the pupal developmental duration of A. bambawalei was only 0.80 times that of the control, and the length of the hind tibia was 1.16 times that of the control. Moreover, high temperature accelerated the developmental rate of gonads and increased the numbers of eggs and sperm. These results indicated that experimental warming shortened the pupal developmental duration, altered the hind tibia length of female adults, and facilitated the fecundity of A. bambawalei. These findings will help to understand the adaptation mechanisms of accompanying natural enemies. Furthermore, these findings will help to make use of this behavior to effectively control invasive pests.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Temperature on the Development, Morphology, and Fecundity of Aenasius bambawalei (=Aenasius arizonensis)

Zhang¹,

Tang²,

Huang

2021

Insects

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“…Even though it cannot do so indefinitely (mateless females only produce males), sex ratio responses can improve populations' chances of persistence. This mechanism may not, however, be restricted to haplodiploids: some diploid species may adjust sex ratio in response to environmental factors or sperm limitation (Lehtonen and Schwanz 2018, Waqas et al 2020). Diploid pollinators (fungus gnats) of Lepanthes orchids may ejaculate on flowers; sex ratios of these gnats become more male‐biased at cold temperatures (Nigro et al 2007, Pandey and Tripathi 2008, Farsani et al 2013) which prevail when Lepanthes orchids flower.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resilience of haplodiploids to being exploited by sexually deceptive plants

Brunton-Martin

Gaskett

2021

Oikos

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In species with obligate sexual reproduction, scarcity of males can occasionally limit female reproductive success. It is unclear, however, whether this impacts populationlevel persistence. Sexually deceptive orchids attract mate-searching male insects who lose time, mating opportunities and may even become sperm depleted by mating with flowers. These insects are almost exclusively haplodiploid, and able to reproduce regardless of sperm availability -which might mitigate costs of deception. We model the population dynamics of deceived diploid or haplodiploid pollinators. The model reveals that haplodiploidy can enhance prospects for coexistence. If 'sperm theft' by orchids is severe enough to generate unmated females in the local pollinator pool, this enhances the production of sons, which are subsequently available to act as pollinators. The mechanism relies on female haplodiploids being able to reproduce with or without sperm; this is absent in many diploid insects -where unmated females do not reproduce. We show that this gives haplodiploids an ability to maintain higher population densities, and to persist up to higher orchid densities, than diploids. Our model identifies the enhanced resilience of haplodiploid pollinators against deceptive exploitation as a possible reason why these systems have persisted.

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In the heat of the moment: Including realistic thermal fluctuations results in dramatically altered key population parameters

Boerlijst,

Boelee,

van Bodegom

et al. 2024

Ecology and Evolution

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Temperature is commonly acknowledged as one of the primary forces driving ectotherm vector populations, most notably by influencing metabolic rates and survival. Although numerous experiments have shown this for a wide variety of organisms, the vast majority has been conducted at constant temperatures and changes therein, while temperature is far from constant in nature, and includes seasonal and diurnal cycles. As fluctuating temperatures have been described to affect metabolic processes at (sub)cellular level, this calls for studies evaluating the relative importance of temperature fluctuations and the changes therein. To gain insight in the effects of temperature fluctuations on ectotherm development, survival, and sex ratio, we developed an inexpensive, easily reproducible, and open‐source, Arduino‐based temperature control system, which emulates natural sinusoidal fluctuations around the average temperature. We used this novel setup to compare the effects of constant (mean) temperatures, most commonly used in experiments, block schemes, and natural sinusoidal fluctuations as well as an extreme variant with twice its amplitude using the cosmopolitan mosquito species Culex pipiens s.l. as a study organism. Our system accurately replicated the preprogrammed temperature treatments under outdoor conditions, even more accurately than traditional methods. While no effects were detected on survival and sex ratio within the ranges of variation evaluated, development was sped up considerably by including temperature fluctuations, especially during pupation, where development under constant temperatures took almost a week (30%) longer than under natural fluctuations. Doubling the amplitude further decreased development time by 1.5 days. These results highlight the importance of including (natural) oscillations in experiments on ectotherm organisms – both aquatic and terrestrial – that use temperature as a variable. Ultimately, these results have major repercussions for downstream effects at larger scales that may be studied with applications such as ecological niche models, disease risk models, and assessing ecosystem services that rely on ectotherm organisms.

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Effect of Constant and Fluctuating Temperature on the Development, Reproduction, Survival, and Sex Ratio of Phenacoccus solenopsis (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)

Cited by 6 publications

References 36 publications

The Effects of Temperature on the Development, Morphology, and Fecundity of Aenasius bambawalei (=Aenasius arizonensis)

The Effects of Temperature on the Development, Morphology, and Fecundity of Aenasius bambawalei (=Aenasius arizonensis)

Resilience of haplodiploids to being exploited by sexually deceptive plants

In the heat of the moment: Including realistic thermal fluctuations results in dramatically altered key population parameters

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