Effect of Conservation Strips on the Abundance and Distribution of Natural Enemies and Predation of &lt;I&gt;Agrotis ipsilon&lt;/I&gt; (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Golf Course Fairways

Frank, Steve; Shrewsbury, Paula M.

doi:10.1603/0046-225x-33.6.1662

Cited by 90 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…The enemies hypothesis predicts that increased habitat complexity will support more natural enemies, which then more intensively regulate herbivore populations (Root 1973). This prediction is consistent with the importance of biotic regulation proposed by Hairston et al (1960) and has been supported by studies in natural (Maron andHarrison 1997, Hawkins et al 1999), agricultural (Letourneau 1987, Bianchi et al 2006, and urban landscapes (Hanks and Denno 1993a, Shrewsbury and Raupp 2000, 2006, Tooker and Hanks 2000, Frank and Shrewsbury 2004. Specifically, in urban landscapes Shrewsbury and Raupp (2006) used a vegetation structural complexity index to rate urban yards as simple or complex based on the amount and frequency of vegetation.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Urban warming trumps natural enemy regulation of herbivorous pests

Dale

Frank

2014

Ecological Applications

122

105

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Abstract. Trees provide ecosystem services that counter negative effects of urban habitats on human and environmental health. Unfortunately, herbivorous arthropod pests are often more abundant on urban than rural trees, reducing tree growth, survival, and ecosystem services. Previous research where vegetation complexity was reduced has attributed elevated urban pest abundance to decreased regulation by natural enemies. However, reducing vegetation complexity, particularly the density of overstory trees, also makes cities hotter than natural habitats. We ask how urban habitat characteristics influence an abiotic factor, temperature, and a biotic factor, natural enemy abundance, in regulating the abundance of an urban forest pest, the gloomy scale, (Melanaspis tenebricosa). We used a map of surface temperature to select red maple trees (Acer rubrum) at warmer and cooler sites in Raleigh, North Carolina, USA. We quantified habitat complexity by measuring impervious surface cover, local vegetation structural complexity, and landscape scale vegetation cover around each tree. Using path analysis, we determined that impervious surface (the most important habitat variable) increased scale insect abundance by increasing tree canopy temperature, rather than by reducing natural enemy abundance or percent parasitism. As a mechanism for this response, we found that increasing temperature significantly increases scale insect fecundity and contributes to greater population increase. Specifically, adult female M. tenebricosa egg sets increased by approximately 14 eggs for every 18C increase in temperature. Climate change models predict that the global climate will increase by 2-38C in the next 50-100 years, which we found would increase scale insect abundance by three orders of magnitude. This result supports predictions that urban and natural forests will face greater herbivory in the future, and suggests that a primary cause could be direct, positive effects of warming on herbivore fitness rather than altered trophic interactions.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Urban warming trumps natural enemy regulation of herbivorous pests

Dale

Frank

2014

Ecological Applications

122

105

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“…This can be done, for example, by supplying a combination of resources that benefit ground living and foliage living natural enemies. Frank and Shrewsbury (2004) combined beetle banks and flower strips to support ground living and foliage living natural enemies and found a positive effect on predation rates of turf grass pests on golf course fairways. However, this study did not compare the combined effect of flower strips and beetle banks with the effect of these two measures separately, so it could not be concluded whether combining the two measures created a stronger effect on biological control.…”

Section: Selecting Target Speciesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Habitat manipulation to mitigate the impacts of invasive arthropod pests

et al. 2010

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Exotic invaders are some of the most serious insect pests of agricultural crops around the globe. Increasingly, the structure of landscape and habitat is recognized as having a major influence on both insect pests and their natural enemies.Habitat manipulation that aims at conserving natural enemies can potentially contribute to safer and more effective control of invasive pests. In this paper, we review habitat management experiments, published during the last ten years, which have aimed to improve biological control of invasive pests. We then discuss during what conditions habitat management to conserve natural enemies is likely to be effective and how the likelihood of success of such methods can be improved. We finally suggest an ecologically driven research agenda for habitat management programmes.2

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“…Conservation biological control can be achieved in two ways: modifying pesticide use and manipulating the growing environment in favor of natural enemies. Conservation practices have proven effective in a wide variety of growing situations ranging from small garden plots to large fields, agricultural to urban environments, and commercial to private settings (Frank & Shrewsbury, 2004;Landis et al, 2000;Rebek et al, 2005Rebek et al, , 2006Sadof et al, 2004;Tooker & Hanks, 2000).…”

Section: Conservation Biological Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%