Effect of conotruncal constriction on aortic-mitral valve continuity in the stage 18, 21 and 24 chick embryo

Clark, Edward B.; Hu, Norman; Rosenquist, Glenn C.

doi:10.1016/0002-9149(84)90447-8

Cited by 50 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…There was also an increase of 50% in the stroke volume, and 31% increase in the cardiac output. At Stages 24, 27, and 29, we performed imaging of embryos subjected to the experimental hemodynamic interventions of conotruncal banding (Clark et al, 1984Sedmera et al, 1999). In embryos banded 24 h before (at Stage 21), an outflow tract Doppler velocity gradient across the band (Fig.…”

Section: Echocardiographic Imaging Of Abnormal Hemodynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further validation of the utility of embryonic echocardiography is provided by its ability to detect structural and functional anomalies in the model of conotruncal banding (Clark et al, 1984); in particular, valve regurgitation, expected based on abnormal valvular morphology (Sedmera et al, 1999;Reckova et al, 2003), has not been documented before. Outflow tract regurgitation across the band, observed in a significant proportion of the banded embryos (Fig.…”

Section: Comparison With Other Imaging Modalitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Conotruncal banding, an established experimental procedure causing hemodynamic perturbations (pressure overload) in chick embryos, was performed at Stage 21 as described in detail previously (Clark et al, 1984Sedmera et al, 1999).…”

Section: Experimental Procedures Egg Incubation and Ex Ovo Culturementioning

confidence: 99%

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High‐frequency ultrasonographic imaging of avian cardiovascular development

McQuinn

Bratoeva

deAlmeida

et al. 2007

Developmental Dynamics

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The chick embryo has long been a favorite model system for morphologic and physiologic studies of the developing heart, largely because of its easy visualization and amenability to experimental manipulations. However, this advantage is diminished after 5 days of incubation, when rapidly growing chorioallantoic membranes reduce visibility of the embryo. Using high-frequency ultrasound, we show that chick embryonic cardiovascular structures can be readily visualized throughout the period of Stages 9 -39. At most stages of development, a simple ex ovo culture technique provided the best imaging opportunities. We have measured cardiac and vascular structures, blood flow velocities, and calculated ventricular volumes as early as Stage 11 with values comparable to those previously obtained using video microscopy. The endocardial and myocardial layers of the pre-septated heart are readily seen as well as the acellular layer of the cardiac jelly. Ventricular inflow in the pre-septated heart is biphasic, just as in the mature heart, and is converted to a monophasic

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Section: Echocardiographic Imaging Of Abnormal Hemodynamicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Comparison With Other Imaging Modalitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High‐frequency ultrasonographic imaging of avian cardiovascular development

McQuinn

Bratoeva

deAlmeida

et al. 2007

Developmental Dynamics

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“…Conotruncal ligation can be either complete, resulting in a total elimination of cardiac ejection , or it can be graded by only partially tightening the suture around the outflow tract, resulting in differing degrees of reduction of cardiac output (e.g., Clark et al 1984;Tobita et al 2002). Recently, we have used partial conotruncal ligation to induce chronically up to a 40-fold range in cardiac output in populations of day 3 and day 4 chicken embryos (W. W. Burggren, S. Khorrami, A. Pinder, and T. Sun, personal communication).…”

Section: Disrupting Cardiac Outputmentioning

confidence: 99%

What Is the Purpose of the Embryonic Heart Beat? or How Facts Can Ultimately Prevail over Physiological Dogma

Burggren

2004

Physiological and Biochemical Zoology

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Embryonic physiology is often viewed as merely those processes understood for the adult but conducted on a smaller physical scale. Yet striking examples of the inaccuracy of this perspective can be identified in the embryonic cardiovascular system. For example, dogma holds that the embryonic heart begins to beat to pump blood for convective transport, just like that of the adult. This is the major assumption inherent in the hypothesis we have called "convective synchronotropy"; that is, the embryonic heart starts to beat synchronously with the need for convective blood flow. However, there is compelling evidence on many fronts that the convective flow of blood generated by the early embryonic vertebrate heart is simply not required for transport of oxygen, nutrients, metabolic wastes, or hormones, all of which can be achieved entirely by diffusion. In fact, fish, amphibian, and bird embryos lacking a functional heart (either through surgical intervention or mutation) or whose oxygenhemoglobin transport has been chemically eliminated nonetheless continue to function and grow in size for extended periods up to the point at which diffusion alone can no longer serve oxygen transport needs. We advocate the alternative hypothesis of "prosynchronotropy" (i.e., the heart starts to beat well before convective blood flow is needed for bulk transport). So, what is the purpose of the early embryonic heart beat? Evidence is presented herein in support of a morphogenic rationale for prosynchronotropy. Specifically, it appears that the initial rationale for the beat of the vertebrate embryonic heart may be two-fold: to aid in subtle but significant aspects of cardiac growth, shaping, and maturation, and to facilitate cardiac maturation angiogenesis-the formation of new vessels by sprouting from vessel tips. Ultimately, the embryonic cardio-*

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“…The early embryonic heart, though morphologically simple, adjusts to small changes in hemodynamic load (Clark, 1990). Various experimental manipulations of blood volume, course, or rate of intracardiac blood flow produce cardiovascular anomalies and alter cardiomyocyte assembly (Clark et al, 1984;Hogers et al, 1997;le Noble et al, 2004). In the chick embryo, left atrial ligation before cardiac septation redistributes intracardiac blood flow and produces hypoplasia of left heart structures (Rychter et al, 1979;Sedmera et al, 1999;Tobita and Keller, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dependence of Aortic Arch Morphogenesis on Intracardiac Blood Flow in the Left Atrial Ligated Chick Embryo

Christensen

Agrawal

et al. 2009

The Anatomical Record

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Partial left atrial ligation before cardiac septation redistributes intracardiac blood flow and produces left ventricular hypoplasia in the chick. We hypothesized that redistributed intracardiac blood flow adversely alters aortic arch development. We ligated the left atrial appendage with a 10-0 nylon suture at stage 21 chick embryos, then reincubated up to stage 34. Sham embryos had a suture tied adjacent to the atrial wall, and normal controls were unoperated. We measured simultaneous atrioventricular (AV) and dorsal aortic (DAo) blood velocities from stage 24 embryos with an ultrasound pulsed-Doppler flow meter; and the left and right third and fourth aortic arch blood flow with a laser-Doppler flow meter. Ventricular and atrial cross-sectional areas were measured from sequential video fields for planimetry. Intracardiac flow patterns were imaged on video by injecting India ink into the vitelline vein. In separate embryos, radiopaque microfil was injected into the cardiovascular system for l-CT scanning. We analyzed the morphologic characteristics of the heart at stage 34. Active AV and DAo stroke volume (mm 3 ), right third and fourth aortic arch blood flow (mm 3 /s) were all decreased in ligated embryos (P < 0.05) when compared with normal and sham embryos. Ventricular end-diastolic volume versus normal and sham embryos decreased by 45% and 46%, respectively (P < 0.05). India ink injection revealed altered right aortic arch flow patterns in the ligated embryos compared with normal embryos. l-CT imaging confirmed altered arch morphogenesis. Alterations in intracardiac blood flow disrupt both early cardiac morphogenesis and aortic arch selection. Anat Rec, 292:652-660, 2009. V V C 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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Effect of conotruncal constriction on aortic-mitral valve continuity in the stage 18, 21 and 24 chick embryo

Cited by 50 publications

References 9 publications

High‐frequency ultrasonographic imaging of avian cardiovascular development

High‐frequency ultrasonographic imaging of avian cardiovascular development

What Is the Purpose of the Embryonic Heart Beat? or How Facts Can Ultimately Prevail over Physiological Dogma

Dependence of Aortic Arch Morphogenesis on Intracardiac Blood Flow in the Left Atrial Ligated Chick Embryo

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