“…It is established that 96% of all known phages belong to the order Caudovirales , or tailed phages (including T4 and T7) [ 49 ]. MS2 bacteriophage was chosen as it is popularly used as a eukaryotic virus surrogate [ 50 , 51 ]. MS2 is a non-enveloped phage, and it is a positive sense single-stranded RNA virus like SARS-CoV-2.…”
Bacteriophages are viruses that attack and usually kill bacteria. Their appearance in the industrial facilities using bacteria to produce active compounds (e.g., drugs, food, cosmetics, etc.) causes considerable financial losses. Instances of bacteriophage resistance towards disinfectants and decontamination procedures (such as thermal inactivation and photocatalysis) have been reported. There is a pressing need to explore new ways of phage inactivation that are environmentally neutral, inexpensive, and more efficient. Here, we study the effect of zero-valent iron nanoparticles (nZVI) on four different bacteriophages (T4, T7, MS2, M13). The reduction of plaque-forming units (PFU) per mL varies from greater than 7log to around 0.5log depending on bacteriophages (M13 and T7, respectively). A comparison of the importance of oxidation of nZVI versus the release of Fe2+/Fe3+ ions is shown. The mechanism of action is proposed in connection to redox reactions, adsorption of virions on nZVI, and the effect of released iron ions. The nZVI constitutes a critical addition to available antiphagents (i.e., anti-bacteriophage agents).
“…It is established that 96% of all known phages belong to the order Caudovirales , or tailed phages (including T4 and T7) [ 49 ]. MS2 bacteriophage was chosen as it is popularly used as a eukaryotic virus surrogate [ 50 , 51 ]. MS2 is a non-enveloped phage, and it is a positive sense single-stranded RNA virus like SARS-CoV-2.…”
Bacteriophages are viruses that attack and usually kill bacteria. Their appearance in the industrial facilities using bacteria to produce active compounds (e.g., drugs, food, cosmetics, etc.) causes considerable financial losses. Instances of bacteriophage resistance towards disinfectants and decontamination procedures (such as thermal inactivation and photocatalysis) have been reported. There is a pressing need to explore new ways of phage inactivation that are environmentally neutral, inexpensive, and more efficient. Here, we study the effect of zero-valent iron nanoparticles (nZVI) on four different bacteriophages (T4, T7, MS2, M13). The reduction of plaque-forming units (PFU) per mL varies from greater than 7log to around 0.5log depending on bacteriophages (M13 and T7, respectively). A comparison of the importance of oxidation of nZVI versus the release of Fe2+/Fe3+ ions is shown. The mechanism of action is proposed in connection to redox reactions, adsorption of virions on nZVI, and the effect of released iron ions. The nZVI constitutes a critical addition to available antiphagents (i.e., anti-bacteriophage agents).
“…Most recently, the effect of virus feed concentration on UF efficiency has been investigated [61] . At lower concentrations of the three viruses coxsackievirus-B5 (CV-B5) (10 2 – 10 3 ), MS2 phages (10 3 – 10 4 ), and adenovirus type 41 (ADV 41) (10 2 -10 3 ), removal efficiency of about 1 log was observed.…”
Section: Pathogen Removal Using Conventional Membrane Filtrationmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… Fig. 4 UF efficiency on high concentrations of virus that were conducted in the laboratory compared to low concentrations of virus that found in groundwater and surface water [61] . …”
Section: Pathogen Removal Using Conventional Membrane Filtrationmentioning
Consumption of pathogenic contaminated water has claimed the lives of many people. Hence, this scenario has emphasized the urgent need for research methods to avoid, treat and eliminate harmful pathogens in wastewater. Therefore, effective water treatment has become a matter of utmost importance. Membrane technology offers purer, cleaner, and pathogen-free water through the water separation method via a permeable membrane. Advanced membrane technology such as nanocomposite membrane, membrane distillation, membrane bioreactor, and photocatalytic membrane reactor can offer synergistic effects in removing pathogen through the integration of additional functionality and filtration in a single chamber. This paper also comprehensively discussed the application, challenges, and future perspective of the advanced membrane technology as a promising alternative in battling pathogenic microbial contaminants, which will also be beneficial and valuable in managing pandemics in the future as well as protecting human health and the environment. In addition, the potential of membrane technology in battling the ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was also discussed briefly.
“…The pore size ranging from 1 to 100 nm in this type of membrane can endorse different removal mechanisms such as electrostatic repulsion, attachment as well as size exclusion. It is worth mentioning that based on the reports this kind of treatment is not influenced by the chlorine membrane aging ( Kreiβel et al, 2012 ; Chaudhry et al, 2015a ; Gentile et al, 2018 ; Jacquet et al, 2021 ). NF has attracted greater attention because of its facile manufacturing and very small pore size ranging in 15–40 nm, which increases its efficacy by size exclusion.…”
Section: Virus Removal By Membrane Technologymentioning
confidence: 88%
“…This phenomenon is not only responsible for the permeability and performance reduction, but also for the energy consumption increase. The deposition of particles, macromolecules and colloids on the membrane surface results in external fouling ( Gopakumar et al, 2017 ; Lu et al, 2017 ; Gentile et al, 2018 ; Roth et al, 2020 ; Jacquet et al, 2021 ). External fouling commonly referred to as the fouling layer is divided into two types: the crust layer and the gel layer.…”
Section: Virus Removal By Membrane Technologymentioning
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