Search citation statements
Paper Sections
Citation Types
Year Published
Publication Types
Relationship
Authors
Journals
Bearing steel forming and shaping operations impact both cost and performance. Forming with raceway material (fiber) flow conformance is the preferred shaping method. High volume hot forging requires 52100 type steels to have a good homogeneity to avoid metallurgical integrity issues. Hot formability testing is described to define the optimum homogenization in the steelmaking process. Warm forming and ausforming are forming processes applied in specific bearing steels. Forming performed in the cold condition can have a beneficial influence on the rolling bearing functional properties. However, cold working of tubes or components negatively influences the hardening heat treatment distortion. The degree of forming reduction is an important consideration. A high amount of reduction increases the steelmaking and component process costs. Knowledge of the optimum is a profound consideration. The properties of formed bearing steel and components varies depending on the testing direction (i.e., transverse or longitudinal). The raceway incident angle of inclusions is a key issue and the metallurgically cleaner the steel the lower the effect of forming deformation and orientation. The so-called fiber flow can be quantified and defined in bearing steel component specifications. Good machinability is a requirement in efficient rolling bearing component manufacture. Turning tool life is generally used as the primary factor in assessing a softened bearing steel machinability. For metallurgical quality reasons low sulfur contents are applied in spheroidized annealed 52100 type steels and this has a negative effect on machinability. Carbon steels, such as 1055, used in hub bearing units, sometimes are resulfurized to improve the ring component machinability. Machinability and sulfur content is a particularly important consideration when drilling and taping operations are performed on the flanges of hub bearing units. Manufacturing process developments are in progress and tailored forming using composite steel combination and forming is an important future manufacturing development.
Bearing steel forming and shaping operations impact both cost and performance. Forming with raceway material (fiber) flow conformance is the preferred shaping method. High volume hot forging requires 52100 type steels to have a good homogeneity to avoid metallurgical integrity issues. Hot formability testing is described to define the optimum homogenization in the steelmaking process. Warm forming and ausforming are forming processes applied in specific bearing steels. Forming performed in the cold condition can have a beneficial influence on the rolling bearing functional properties. However, cold working of tubes or components negatively influences the hardening heat treatment distortion. The degree of forming reduction is an important consideration. A high amount of reduction increases the steelmaking and component process costs. Knowledge of the optimum is a profound consideration. The properties of formed bearing steel and components varies depending on the testing direction (i.e., transverse or longitudinal). The raceway incident angle of inclusions is a key issue and the metallurgically cleaner the steel the lower the effect of forming deformation and orientation. The so-called fiber flow can be quantified and defined in bearing steel component specifications. Good machinability is a requirement in efficient rolling bearing component manufacture. Turning tool life is generally used as the primary factor in assessing a softened bearing steel machinability. For metallurgical quality reasons low sulfur contents are applied in spheroidized annealed 52100 type steels and this has a negative effect on machinability. Carbon steels, such as 1055, used in hub bearing units, sometimes are resulfurized to improve the ring component machinability. Machinability and sulfur content is a particularly important consideration when drilling and taping operations are performed on the flanges of hub bearing units. Manufacturing process developments are in progress and tailored forming using composite steel combination and forming is an important future manufacturing development.
The quality of high-carbon chromium bearing steel, SUJ2 (SAE52100), produced by the electric arc furnace (EF)-ladle furnace (LF)-Ruhrstahl-Heraeus vacuum degassing vessel (RH)-vertical type continuous caster (CC) process, including the effects of impurities and cold working on its fatigue life, was investigated. Bearing steel made in the experimental 100-kg induction furnace was also subjected to a fatigue life test in order to confirm the effect of impurities. The substantially low oxygen content of the CC bearing steel has resulted not only in high cleanliness which doubles the life of conventional ingot steel, but also in the reduction of buildup of nonmetallic inclusions on the inner surface of an immersion nozzle. Due to this reduction, approximately 10 000 metric tons (68 heats) of steel can be cast from one tundish-one nozzle without interruptions. The fatigue life test was performed on specimens where the center segregation of bearing steel lay on their running surfaces with results that flaking sites did not tend to concentrate in the center portion. In other words, tests were done when center segregation did not affect the life of the specimen. It has become clear that the fatigue life of the CC-bearing steel, despite reduced impurities, still depends mainly on the oxygen content of the steel. Also, the life test on the specimens made in the experimental furnace has confirmed that titanium and sulfur are hardly related to the life as long as their contents are kept at levels generally found in commercial bearing steel. The life was further extended by cold working even when the oxygen content was extremely reduced. The bearing steel manufactured by the EF-LF-RH-CC-cold working process is accordingly considered to exhibit the longest life in commercially mass produced bearing steel.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.