Effect of Clutter Filter in High-Frame-Rate Ultrasonic Backscatter Coefficient Analysis

Abstract

High-frame-rate imaging with a clutter filter can clearly visualize blood flow signals and provide more efficient discrimination with tissue signals. In vitro studies using clutter-less phantom and high-frequency ultrasound suggested a possibility of evaluating the red blood cell (RBC) aggregation by analyzing the frequency dependence of the backscatter coefficient (BSC). However, in in vivo applications, clutter filtering is required to visualize echoes from the RBC. This study initially evaluated the effect of the clutter filter for ultrasonic BSC analysis for in vitro and preliminary in vivo data to characterize hemorheology. Coherently compounded plane wave imaging at a frame rate of 2 kHz was carried out in high-frame-rate imaging. Two samples of RBCs suspended by saline and autologous plasma for in vitro data were circulated in two types of flow phantoms without or with clutter signals. The singular value decomposition was applied to suppress the clutter signal in the flow phantom. The BSC was calculated using the reference phantom method, and it was parametrized by spectral slope and mid-band fit (MBF) between 4–12 MHz. The velocity distribution was estimated by the block matching method, and the shear rate was estimated by the least squares approximation of the slope near the wall. Consequently, the spectral slope of the saline sample was always around four (Rayleigh scattering), independently of the shear rate, because the RBCs did not aggregate in the solution. Conversely, the spectral slope of the plasma sample was lower than four at low shear rates but approached four by increasing the shear rate, because the aggregations were presumably dissolved by the high shear rate. Moreover, the MBF of the plasma sample decreased from −36 to −49 dB in both flow phantoms with increasing shear rates, from approximately 10 to 100 s−1. The variation in the spectral slope and MBF in the saline sample was comparable to the results of in vivo cases in healthy human jugular veins when the tissue and blood flow signals could be separated.

Developments in angle-independent velocity estimators for blood flow imaging

“…25) The SVD-based clutter filter is currently used in various applications. [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34] To apply a clutter filter to the received echo signals, echo signals obtained from at least six to eight Tx-Rx events are required, and a dataset processed by a clutter filter should be sampled regularly. Therefore, in conventional color flow imaging, ultrasonic pulses are repeatedly transmitted in the same direction or scan line, forming what is known as a packet, as depicted in Fig.…”

Robust adversarial learning model to segment non-speckle regions in blood flow echo

“…Previous studies have developed in ultrasonic cardiovascular characterization such as vector flow [2][3][4] wall shear stress [5][6][7] wall roughness 8,9) wall displacement 10,11) and red blood cell (RBC) aggregation. [12][13][14] In cardiovascular ultrasound imaging, weak blood flow echo is obscured by clutter components from blood vessel walls and surrounding tissues, which are seen as stationary signals. In such cases, the blood flow echo can be enhanced by applying a clutter filter using the high-pass filter or singular value decomposition (SVD) based filter 15) to suppress such stationary signals.…”

Characterization of blood mimicking fluid with ultrafast ultrasonic and optical image velocimeters

“…[19][20][21] Our previous study has compared velocity estimates by ultrasonic and optical PIVs under the typical BMF conditions. 22) However, the acoustic properties such as SoS, attenuation coefficient, and backscatter coefficient (BSC) of those typical BMFs were not characterized so far.…”