Effect of clays on the fire-retardant properties of a polyethylenic copolymer containing intumescent formulation

Ribeiro, Simone P S; Estevão, Luciana R. M.; Nascimento, Regina Sandra Veiga

doi:10.1088/1468-6996/9/2/024408

Cited by 23 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Obviously, the addition of carbon nanofibers greatly shortens time to ignition of GR-CNF, which agrees well with reported data [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. Among different explanations, Kashiwagi et al believed that carbon nanotubes and polymer resin have different absorption characteristics of the external emission [1].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 86%

“…These nanoparticles are environmentally friendly and will not produce toxic gases. Layered silicates are widely used for an improvement in flame retardancy, but carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been proved more efficient [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. It has been found [1][2][3][4] that their flame retarding performance can be achieved through the formation of a relatively uniform network of carbon nanotubes, covering the entire sample surface without any cracks or gaps.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Improved fire retardancy of thermoset composites modified with carbon nanofibers

Zhao

Gou

2009

Science and Technology of Advanced Materials

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Multifunctional thermoset composites were made from polyester resin, glass fiber mats and carbon nanofiber sheets (CNS). Their flaming behavior was investigated with cone calorimeter under well-controlled combustion conditions. The heat release rate was lowered by pre-planting carbon nanofiber sheets on the sample surface with the total fiber content of only 0.38 wt.%. Electron microscopy showed that carbon nanofiber sheet was partly burned and charred materials were formed on the combusting surface. Both the nanofibers and charred materials acted as an excellent insulator and/or mass transport barrier, improving the fire retardancy of the composite. This behavior agrees well with the general mechanism of fire retardancy in various nanoparticle-thermoplastic composites.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved fire retardancy of thermoset composites modified with carbon nanofibers

Zhao

Gou

2009

Science and Technology of Advanced Materials

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“…2e). Specifically, CC showed a higher weight percent of carbon and a lower weight percent of sodium, both relative to UC, thus confirming the modification with the organic modifier [58]. After thermal degradation however, the weight percent of carbon decreased significantly for CC900, while the weight percent of magnesium, aluminum, and silicon increased; further, no sodium was observed.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 55%

Toxicity evaluations of nanoclays and thermally degraded byproducts through spectroscopical and microscopical approaches

Wagner

Eldawud

White

et al. 2017

Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects

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Background Montmorillonite is a type of nanoclay that originates from the clay fraction of the soil and is incorporated into polymers to form nanocomposites with enhanced mechanical strength, barrier, and flammability properties used for food packaging, automotive, and medical devices. However, with implementation in such consumer applications, the interaction of montmorillonite-based composites or derived byproducts with biological systems needs to be investigated. Methods Herein we examined the potential of Cloisite Na+ (pristine) and Cloisite 30B (organically modified montmorillonite nanoclay) and their thermally degraded byproducts’ to induce toxicity in model human lung epithelial cells. The experimental set-up mimicked biological exposure in manufacturing and disposal areas and employed cellular treatments with occupationally relevant doses of nanoclays previously characterized using spectroscopical and microscopical approaches. For nanoclay-cellular interactions and for cellular analyses respectively, biosensorial-based analytical platforms were used, with induced cellular changes being confirmed via live cell counts, viability assays, and cell imaging. Results Our analysis of byproducts’ chemical and physical properties revealed both structural and functional changes. Real-time high throughput analyses of exposed cellular systems confirmed that nanoclay induced significant toxic effects, with Cloisite 30B showing time-dependent decreases in live cell count and cellular viability relative to control and pristine nanoclay, respectively. Byproducts produced less toxic effects; all treatments caused alterations in the cell morphology upon exposure. Conclusions Our morphological, behavioral, and viability cellular changes show that nanoclays have the potential to produce toxic effects when used both in manufacturing or disposal environments. General significance The reported toxicological mechanisms prove the extensibility of a biosensorial-based platform for cellular behavior analysis upon treatment with a variety of nanomaterials.

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“…Previous studies carried by our group, FLUMAT (Laboratory of Fluids and Materials), showed the synergistic action of montmorillonite on the performance of intumescent systems containing APP (Exolit 422) and PER, revealing that the montmorillonite d‐ spacing has a strong influence on the synergistic effect. The results showed that the increase in the d‐ spacing to values higher than 35 Å reduces the flame retardant properties of the studied composites (Ribeiro, Estevão, & Nascimento, ; Ribeiro, Estevão, Pereira, & Nascimento, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microscopy as a tool to investigate the influence of ammonium polyphosphate particle size on the flame retardant properties of polymer composites

Silva

Martins

Estevão

et al. 2019

Microscopy Res & Technique

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The influence of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) particle size on the performance of an intumescent formulation and on the synergistic action of a series of montmorillonite samples with different d‐spacings for the production of flame retardant composites was investigated. The polymer matrix employed was poly(ethylene‐co‐butyl acrylate), EBA 30, and the intumescent formulation consisted of APP and pentaerythritol (PER). After being processed, the composites were submitted to scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis, heating microscopy, and limiting oxygen index tests. The results indicate that the greater interaction between the APP and PER molecules, caused by the increase of the contact area promoted by the reduction of the APP particle size, could favor the esterification reaction between APP423 and PER, allowing the formation of a greater amount of char precursors in shorter period of time. In addition, the montmorillonite d‐spacings had a more pronounced influence on the clays synergistic action with the intumescent formulation containing the APP with smaller particle size. Microscopy has shown to be an important tool to investigate APP particle size effect on the fire retardancy. AFM results enabled the detection of nanometric particles in the sample containing the smallest particle size of APP. SEM micrographs showed that those nanometric particles were better dispersed in the matrix, interacting more effectively with the other components, a factor probably responsible for the superior fire retardancy results. Heating microscopy revealed that the material with smaller APP particle size did show some remaining structure at the temperature of 850°C.

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Effect of clays on the fire-retardant properties of a polyethylenic copolymer containing intumescent formulation

Cited by 23 publications

References 18 publications

Improved fire retardancy of thermoset composites modified with carbon nanofibers

Improved fire retardancy of thermoset composites modified with carbon nanofibers

Toxicity evaluations of nanoclays and thermally degraded byproducts through spectroscopical and microscopical approaches

Microscopy as a tool to investigate the influence of ammonium polyphosphate particle size on the flame retardant properties of polymer composites

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