Effect of cigarette smoking on the periodontal health status: A comparative, cross sectional study

Abstract

Context:Survey.Aims:The objective of the study was to evaluate the periodontal health status among cigarette smokers and non cigarette smokers, and oral hygiene measures.Settings and Design:Cross sectional study.Materials and Methods:The study included 400 male (200 cigarette smokers and 200 non smokers) aged 18-65 years. The subjects were randomly selected from the patients attending dental out-patient department of civil hospital and Himachal Dental College, Sundernagar. Community Periodontal Index (CPI) score was recorded for each patient and a questionnaire was completed by each patient.Statistical Analysis Used:Chi square and t-test.Results:Periodontal condition as assessed by CPI score showed that there was statistically significant difference in the findings between cigarette smokers and non-smokers.Conclusions:Within the limits of this study, positive association was observed between periodontal disease and cigarette smoking. It was found that cigarette smoking was associated with lesser gingival bleeding and deeper pockets as compared to non-smokers.

Association of CD28 and CTLA‐4 gene polymorphisms with aggressive periodontitis in Brazilians

“…The importance of tobacco use as a risk factor for the establishment and severity of the periodontal disease is well recognized, as it can affect neutrophil function, preventing elimination of periodontal pathogens (Gautam et al , ). That is the reason why, in all of our comparisons, we performed statistical analysis for the genotypes and alleles removing smokers from the groups.…”

“…It is clear that environmental factors such as hormones, diabetes and drugs modify preexisting periodontal condition (Kinane et al , ). Among these factors, the tobacco is considered one of the main risk factors for periodontitis, as it affects the oral environment, gingival vasculature, inflammatory and immunological responses, as well as the healing potential of periodontal connective tissues (Erdemir et al , ; Palmer et al , ; Gautam et al , ). Furthermore, increasing evidence suggests that genetic factors are important risk factors of susceptibility to chronic and aggressive periodontitis (Dutra et al , ).…”

Cigarette smoking and Awareness of Oral Health Problems of Tobacco use among Students at the University of Port Harcourt, South-South Nigeria

“…69 Tobacco smoking particularly in the form of cigarette is an important environmental risk factor in periodontitis, oral cancers and precancers. 5,10 It also has an adverse effect on almost all forms of periodontal therapy and increases the severity of periodontal disease. 5 The complication of smoking in pregnancy includes premature deliveries, low birth weight, spontaneous abortion and perinatal mortality.…”

“…5 Tobacco smoking mostly in the form of cigarettes is known as the most important environmental risk factor in periodontitis, oral cancers and precancers. 5,10 It also has an adverse effect on almost all forms of periodontal therapy and increases the severity of periodontal disease. 5 In the present study, majority 72.8, 61.9 and 77.2% were ignorant that smoking could affect negatively on oral health, cause oral cancers and gum disease respectively.…”

Tobacco-gene activity profile in Porphyromonas gingivalis, Filifactor alocis and Treponema denticola.

“…They represent a group of infectious inflammatory diseases affecting the supporting and surrounding tissues of teeth (53). They are second to dental caries as a cause of tooth loss among adults in developed countries (54), affecting 47.2% adults aged 30 years and older in the US (55). Periodontal diseases happen as a consequence of mixed microbial infections within which specific groups of bacteria coexist.…”