Effect of cigarette smoking on alveolar bone thickness and density in patients undergoing leveling and alignment of crowded lower anterior teeth: a controlled clinical trial

Abstract

Objective To evaluate the effect of cigarette smoking on the alveolar bone thickness and density in patients undergoing leveling and alignment of crowded lower anterior teeth. Methods This controlled clinical trial involved 17 smokers and 17 nonsmokers with mild to moderate crowding of the anterior mandibular teeth. Two cone-beam computed tomography images of the mandible were taken before and after treatment. The length of each tooth root was calculated in each T0 image, and the root was divided into three equal regions. Three lines were drawn parallel to the line of the cementoenamel junction at these three regions of the root, and the previously drawn lines were used to measure bone thickness and bone density. Results The mean changes in cortical bone thickness and bone density were significantly smaller in smokers than nonsmokers. Cortical bone thickness and bone density were significantly lower after than before treatment in both smokers and nonsmokers. Conclusion In addition to all of its known dangers, cigarette smoking may also harm the alveolar bone by decreasing the bone thickness and density during orthodontic treatment in heavy smokers.

Interdisciplinary treatment of mutilated dentition and transverse maxillary deficiency with microimplant‐assisted rapid palatal expansion, microimplants, and dental implants

“…The total treatment time was 38 months, including the total orthodontic and prosthodontic rehabilitation. Slow tooth movement might be attributed to the patient's smoking habit 9,10,12 . Despite multiple reminders about the disadvantages of smoking on the rate of tooth movement and success rate of dental implants, our patient chose not to quit the habit resulting in a prolonged treatment time and possibly influencing the success rate of the dental implants.…”

“…An interdisciplinary approach is essential for establishing the proper diagnosis and treatment plan for patients having multidisciplinary problems combined with dental problems, 1 periodontal problems, 2,3 missing teeth, 4,5 mutilated dentition, 6–8 smoking, 9,10 temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disease, 11 medical problems, 2,12 and orthodontic malocclusion 1–7 . Multidisciplinary treatment includes restorative, 1,6,13 endodontic, 13 dental implants, 3,4,6,7,14–17 periodontal, 2,3,13,16 prosthetic, 1,3,4,7 oral medicine, 11,18 surgical, 1 orthodontic, 1–7 and medical intervention 2,12 …”

Bone Mineral Density in a Shanghai Population Aged 40–60 Years

“…Ghadimi et al showed that nicotine reduces bone formation by stimulating the formation and differentiation of osteoclasts while inhibiting the activity of osteoblasts [21]. In a clinical trial involving patients undergoing orthodontic procedures, smokers experienced a 19.8% reduction in cortical bone thickness and a 23.5% decrease in cortical bone density, which damaged the alveolar bone [22]. A risk-prediction model for OP showed that alcohol consumption was a risk factor [23].…”