Effect of Chlorogenic Acid via Upregulating Resolvin D1 Inhibiting the NF-κB Pathway on Chronic Restraint Stress-Induced Liver Inflammation

Abstract

Chronic stress can cause chronic inflammatory injury to the liver. Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is known to have a wide range of biological activities and anti-inflammatory effects. Resolvin D1 (RvD1) is a polyunsaturated fatty acid derivative that has inhibitory effects on a variety of inflammatory diseases. However, whether CGA can inhibit liver inflammation in chronic stress through RvD1 remains unclear. In this work, male rats were subjected to restraint stress for 6 h every day and built a chronic stress model for 21 days. CGA (100 mg/kg) was administered intragastrically 1 h before restraint, with intraperitoneal injection of RvD1 inhibitor WRW4 (antagonist of FPR2, 0.1 mg/kg) or WRW4 solution every 2 days for 30 min before CGA administration. CGA reduced hepatic hemorrhage and inflammatory cell infiltration, alleviated hepatic injury, decreased the activation of the NF-κB pathway and the expression of interleukin 1β, interleukin 6, and tumor necrosis factor α in the liver, and increased RvD1 in the serum and liver. The therapeutic effect of CGA was blocked after WRW4 intervention. These results suggest that the protective effects of CGA mediate the NF-κB pathway by upregulating the generation of RvD1. Above all, this research demonstrates the liver protective effect of CGA and provides a potential treatment strategy for chronic inflammatory disease.

Chlorogenic Acid Alleviates Chronic Stress-Induced Intestinal Damage by Inhibiting the P38MAPK/NF-κB Pathway

“…CGA has been shown to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-viral effects. At the same time, the current study found that CGA could alleviate chronic stress-induced liver, nerve, and intestinal damage. , Tian et al found that CGA protects cardiomyocytes via inhibiting NF-κB in the mice heart failure model, and the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) also play an important role in this . There are three main types of MAPK, p38MAPK, c-Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2).…”

“…At the same time, the current study found that CGA could alleviate chronic stressinduced liver, nerve, and intestinal damage. 18,19 mice heart failure model, and the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) also play an important role in this. 20 There are three main types of MAPK, p38MAPK, c-Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2).…”

Dynamic high-pressure microjet combined with tyrosinase modify the complex system of pea protein and chlorogenic acid

“…Emulsifying activity index EAI(m 2 /g)= 2×2.303×A 0 ×100 C×0.01×(1-θ)×10 4 (2) Note: C is the sample concentration (mg/mL), θ is the volume fraction of oil phase (0.20).…”

“…Therefore, in order to improve the utilization rate of PP, it is extremely important to modify PP. Chlorogenic acid(CA) is a common polyphenol in food and diet, and is often used with protein in food processing [3,4] . Jiang [5] combined CA with whey protein and casein.…”

Lycopene Alleviates Chronic Stress-Induced Liver Injury by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress-Mediated Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Pathway Apoptosis in Rats

“…Chronic stress is caused by long-term exposure to low-intensity stressors, which will suppress the disease resistance of animals. The liver is the major organ of metabolism, detoxification, and immunity, and it is also one of the organs most vulnerable to injury when chronic stress occurs. − Stress has been reported to disrupt the hepatic immune tolerance through multiple mechanisms, leading to liver damage . Chronic stress activates the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and autonomic nervous system (ANS).…”