Effect of chloride impurities on the performance and durability of polybenzimidazole-based high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Ali, Syed Talat; Li, Qingfeng; Pan, Chao; Jensen, Jens Oluf; Nielsen, Lars; Møller, Per

doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.10.076

Cited by 34 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…In case of AlCl 3 , the cell performance was not affected initially, but after 10 hours the cell voltage decreased quickly and approached the HCl contaminated cell performance after 48 hours. The performance curves for FeCl 3 and CrCl 3 were in between those for NiCl 2 and AlCl 3 . For all the cells, the total voltage loss due to contamination is shown in Figure 3, and the overall performance degradation can be ranked as HCl, AlCl 3 > FeCl 3 > CrCl 3 > NiCl 2 , MgCl 2 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…Other researchers also found significant decrease in fuel cell performance due to chloride contamination. 3,11 Along with chloride poisoning, foreign cations themselves can cause severe degradation.2,14-16 Foreign cations typically have higher affinity to the sulfonic acid group than protons, and the presence of foreign cations in the membrane decreases water content and consequently the ionic conductivity of the membrane.14 Pozio et al investigated Nafion degradation in polymer electrolyte fuel cells caused by iron contamination from SS316L end plates in a single cell configuration.15 They stated that contamination of membrane electrode assemblies with iron led to degradation of the ionomer, revealed by a massive fluoride loss. Li et al reported that a level of only 5 ppm of Fe 3+ and Al 3+ in air stream caused significant cell performance degradation.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Several ex-situ 4,6,7 and in-situ studies 3,5,[8][9][10][11][12][13] have been carried out to understand the effects of chloride contamination. Schmidt et al found that the presence of chloride on the Pt surface mainly acted as a site blocking species and reduced the number of active sites for the ORR.…”

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

“…All the operating conditions are listed in Table II. 3 1.87 (25 • C) 27 Fe(Cl) 3 3.38 (25 • C) 27 Cr(Cl) 3 2.19 (20 • C) 26 Ni(Cl) 2 2.84 (25 • C) 27 Mg(Cl) 2 2.75 (25 • C) 27 * All chemicals are hexahydrate compound except HCl.…”

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Effect of Chloride on PEFCs in Presence of Various Cations

Uddin

Wang

et al. 2015

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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The performance and durability of Polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) were investigated by separately introducing HCl and five different chloride salts (AlCl 3 , FeCl 3 , CrCl 3 , NiCl 2 , and MgCl 2 ) into the air stream of an operating fuel cell. Under the same operating conditions and at a fixed chloride (Cl − ) concentration of 50 ppm in air stream, it appeared that HCl affected the cell performance faster than the other chloride salts, therefore the presence of the cation in the contaminant solutions slowed and/or reduced the decrease in the cell performance. The overall cell performance degradation was ranked as HCl, AlCl 3 > FeCl 3 > CrCl 3 > NiCl 2 , MgCl 2 . The performance degradation is believed to be due to the adsorption of chloride on the Pt surface reducing active surface area. At lower relative humidity, the contaminant concentration increased in liquid phase and salt precipitated eventually blocking some of the flow channels and the GDL surface and resulted in even lower cell performance. Polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) are an attractive source of clean energy in transportation and stationary power sector. Insufficient durability due to performance degradation is one of the key issues in commercialization of PEFC. PEFCs will need to have a durability of 5,000 hours at a cost of $30/kW for automotive applications, and about 60,000 to 80,000 hour durability, at a capital cost of about $1,000-1,500/kW depending on size and application for stationary power generation. 1Impurities present in fuel and air have a severe effect on durability and performance of PEFCs. Impurities may be introduced into the fuel cell from the fuel and air stream or from the corrosion of fuel cell stack and system components, such as bipolar plates, seals, inlet/outlet manifolds, humidifier reservoirs, and cooling loops.2 Chloride (Cl − ) is a contaminant, which can enter through air or fuel stream in various forms. It is commonly present in air near marine environments, and it is also present as a deicer on roads during the winter.3 In addition, Pt-based catalysts are often synthesized from chloride-containing precursors and trace amount of chloride may remain after synthesis. 4 Moreover, to reduce hydrogen production and transportation costs, the direct use of waste or by-product hydrogen from chemical plants (e.g., in the chlor-alkali industry) can also introduce chloride in fuel stream. 5Several ex-situ 4,6,7 and in-situ studies 3,5,[8][9][10][11][12][13] have been carried out to understand the effects of chloride contamination. Schmidt et al. found that the presence of chloride on the Pt surface mainly acted as a site blocking species and reduced the number of active sites for the ORR. 4 It also enhanced the formation of H 2 O 2 . Further, chloride promoted the dissolution of Pt by the formation of soluble chloride complexes near the inlet portion of the MEA and then deposited in the membrane.13 Yadav et al. found a chloride ion concentration of as low as 10 ppm can induce Pt dissolution as chloride complexes...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 85%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Chloride on PEFCs in Presence of Various Cations

Uddin

Wang

et al. 2015

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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A Single‐Flow Battery with Multiphase Flow

et al. 2020

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Widespread adoption of redox flow batteries (RFBs) for renewable energy storage is inhibited by a relatively high cost of storage. This is due largely to typical RFBs requiring two flows, two external tanks, and expensive ion‐exchange membranes. Here, we propose a potentially inexpensive Zn‐Br2 RFB which is membraneless and requires only a single flow. The flow is an emulsion consisting of a continuous, Br2‐poor aqueous phase and a dispersed, Br2‐rich polybromide phase, pumped through the channel separating anode and cathode. With our prototype cell, we explore the effect of polybromide‐phase volume fraction and Br2 concentration on cell performance and plating efficiencies. We demonstrate high discharge currents of up to 270 mA/cm2, plating efficiencies up to 88 %, and dendriteless plating up to the highest Zn loading investigated of 250 mAh/cm2. We provide mechanistic insights into cell behavior and elucidate paths towards unlocking ultra‐low‐cost single‐flow RFBs with multiphase flow.

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Bacteria‐driven Single‐inlet Microfluidic Fuel Cell with Spiral Channel Configuration

et al. 2021

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We present a single inlet, spiral‐shaped microfluidic microbial fuel cell (MFC) with porous Paper@Ni anode and Paper@C cathode for energy generation. In the MFC, the anode with a bacterial component is placed along the microchannel side to provide a larger electrode surface area, reduced internal resistance, and enhances mass transport of the 2 % glucose as a substrate for microbial redox reaction. The large electrode area induced by the spiral channel configuration and passive control of the boundary layer enhances the energy output from the fuel cell and eliminates the need for a two‐chambered system. The fuel cell utilizes bacteria Bacillus stratosphericus isolated from mangrove soil to generate bioenergy with an open‐circuit voltage of 0.3 V within 10 seconds. The fuel cell generates a maximum current density of 7 A m−2 and a power density of ∼ 150 mW m−2.

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Effect of chloride impurities on the performance and durability of polybenzimidazole-based high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells

Cited by 34 publications

References 27 publications

Effect of Chloride on PEFCs in Presence of Various Cations

Effect of Chloride on PEFCs in Presence of Various Cations

A Single‐Flow Battery with Multiphase Flow

Bacteria‐driven Single‐inlet Microfluidic Fuel Cell with Spiral Channel Configuration

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