Effect of Chloride and Soybean Cultivar on Yield and the Development of Sudden Death Syndrome, Soybean Cyst Nematode, and Southern Blight

Abstract

Yields of irrigated soybean in Arkansas are threatened by two problems: chloride toxicity and sudden death syndrome (SDS). Soybeans are sensitive to chloride, which accumulates in the upper soil profile when water with high salt content is used for irrigation. Sudden death syndrome is a soilborne disease often associated with well-irrigated fields. Even though these problems both affect irrigated soybeans, there are no reports on the effect of chloride toxicity on SDS. To determine if there is an effect of chloride toxicity on SDS, a test was established at the Cotton Branch Station, Marianna, AR, in 1995 and 1996. Four cultivars were selected that were either susceptible to SDS (S) or resistant to SDS (R) and either translocated chloride to the leaves (includer, I) or confined chloride in the roots (excluder, E). The cultivars were Hartz 6686 (SE), Terra Vig 6653 (SI), Hartz 6200 (RE), and Asgrow 6297 (RI). Soil chloride concentrations were adjusted by the addition of KCl. Before planting, KCl was applied to achieve the recommended concentration of K over the entire field. At V4, chloride treatments were applied by either adding no additional KCl (low Cl) or adding 1,120 kg of KCl per ha (moderate Cl) or 2,240 kg of KCl per ha (high Cl). Soil samples were taken within the center two rows of each plot at planting, flowering (R2), and harvest and assayed for populations of Fusarium solani and Heterodera glycines. Soil chloride concentrations were determined at R2, and leaf chloride levels were determined at R3. Weekly disease ratings were made on SDS and converted to area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). Plant lodging and the incidence of southern blight (Sclerotium rolfsii) were determined during mid-reproductive growth. Leaf chloride concentrations were influenced by both chloride treatment and cultivar: elevated concentrations occurred with the includer cultivars in the moderate and the high Cl treatments. Soil concentrations of chloride reflected the chloride treatments in 1995, but not 1996. Soil populations of F. solani did not respond consistently to either chloride treatment or cultivar; however, H. glycines egg densities increased with increased soil chloride treatments in Hartz 6686 (SE) and Terra Vig 6653 (SI) at R2, but not at harvest. Increased soil chloride treatments increased SDS in both years with Hartz 6686 (SE), but did not affect this disease in the other cultivars. Higher soil chloride treatments decreased yield in all cultivars except Hartz 6200 (RE) in 1996. Although Terra Vig 6653 (SI) did not develop severe levels of SDS foliar symptoms, it did have increased lodging and significant increases in southern blight with moderate and high soil chloride treatments. These results indicate that growers with fields that have both elevated concentrations of soil chloride and SDS should select SDS-resistant excluder cultivars to minimize yield losses due to both problems.

The potassium paradox: Implications for soil fertility, crop production and human health

“…These consequences are to be expected considering the ample evidence in Table S4 (for the online version of the paper) that KCl inputs are often ineffective for increasing yield, but will be more serious when yield is depressed. The latter effect has indeed been observed, and was significant in field studies with corn 38,144,148,192 , soybean 120,125,131,175 , wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) 186 , sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) 139 , sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) 127 , alfalfa 145 , peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) 109,191 , rape (Brassica napus L.) 176 and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) 166 . In several of these studies, the loss of yield was intensified by increasing the rate of KCl application 38,109,120,125,175,192 , and in some cases the higher rate transformed significant yield gain to loss 127,186 .…”

“…Many leguminous crops are sensitive to Cl − toxicity, including soybean 120,131 and alfalfa 159,160,198 , and Cl − can reduce soil N availability by inhibiting nitrification in soils 195,196,199,200 (see also supplementary references [53][54][55] for the online version of the paper) and by acting as a competitive anion that suppresses plant uptake of NO 3 − 147,201,202 (see also supplementary references [38] and [56][57][58][59] for the online version of the paper). A further difficulty arises from the mobility of Cl − in soils, which intensifies profile leaching of Ca 2 + as a counterion [203][204][205] .…”

Soybean Response to Preplant and Foliar‐Applied Potassium Chloride with Strobilurin Fungicides

“…Researchers have established a link between plant nutrition and the severity of disease, including disease‐suppressing effects of Ca, K, Cl, Mn, B, and P (Brennan, 1992; Rupe et al, 2000; Sweeney et al, 2000; Sanogo and Yang, 2001; Thomason et al, 2001; Fixen et al, 2004). Many studies have evaluated interactions between diseases and plant nutrition in small grains (Brennan, 1992; Gasper et al, 1994; Howard et al, 1999; Kettlewell et al, 2000; Mann et al, 2004; Sanogo and Yang, 2001; Thomason et al, 2001).…”

“…Many studies have evaluated interactions between diseases and plant nutrition in small grains (Brennan, 1992; Gasper et al, 1994; Howard et al, 1999; Kettlewell et al, 2000; Mann et al, 2004; Sanogo and Yang, 2001; Thomason et al, 2001). However, such research on soybean has primarily evaluated soil‐borne diseases (Howard et al, 1999; Rupe et al, 2000; Sugimoto et al, 2008; Sanogo and Yang, 2001). Similarly, soil fertility appears related to problems with soybean aphids ( Aphis glycines Matsumura) (Myers and Gratton, 2006).…”

Seasonal mass balance of halogens in simulated rice paddies

“…Halogen cycles influence stratospheric ozone loss, tropospheric aerosol formation, and tropospheric oxidative capacity [ Vogt et al , 1999; O'Dowd et al , 2002; Montzka et al , 2003]. The terrestrial biosphere is influenced by soil halogens as either micronutrients at low concentrations, or toxic agents at high concentrations [ Yuita , 1994; Rupe et al , 2000].…”