Effect of chlorhexidine and benzalkonium chloride on bacterial biofilm formation

Houari, A.; Martino, Patrick Di

doi:10.1111/j.1472-765x.2007.02249.x

Cited by 99 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The confocal scanning laser micros- copy technique used allows for the simultaneous imaging of biofilm structure and of loss of cellular membrane integrity. Results from this investigation support the general observation that staphylococci in biofilms are difficult to kill or remove with a wide variety of antimicrobial agents, including those used in this investigation (1,2,6,8,11,12,14,17,22,23,30). Distinct spatial and temporal patterns of antimicrobial action and biomass removal were observed for these three agents (summarized in Table 4), suggesting that the physical, chemical, and biological phenomena that are important differ from one agent to another.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 63%

Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Biocide Action against Staphylococcus epidermidis Biofilms

Davison

Pitts

Stewart

2010

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

122

140

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The dynamic antimicrobial action of chlorine, a quaternary ammonium compound, glutaraldehyde, and nisin within biofilm cell clusters of Staphylococcus epidermidis was investigated using time-lapse confocal scanning laser microscopy. The technique allowed for the simultaneous imaging of changes in biofilm structure and disruption of cellular membrane integrity through the loss of an unbound fluorophore loaded into bacterial cells prior to antimicrobial challenge. Each of the four antimicrobial agents produced distinct spatial and temporal patterns of fluorescence loss. The antimicrobial action of chlorine was localized around the periphery of biofilm cell clusters. Chlorine was the only antimicrobial agent that caused any biofilm removal. Treatment with the quaternary ammonium compound caused membrane permeabilization that started at the periphery of cell clusters, then migrated steadily inward. A secondary pattern superimposed on the penetration dynamic suggested a subpopulation of less-susceptible cells. These bacteria lost fluorescence much more slowly than the majority of the population. Nisin caused a rapid and uniform loss of green fluorescence from all parts of the biofilm without any removal of biofilm. Glutaraldehyde caused no biofilm removal and also no loss of membrane integrity. Measurements of biocide penetration and action time at the center of cell clusters yielded 46 min for 10 mg liter ؊1 chlorine, 21 min for 50 mg liter ؊1 chlorine, 25 min for the quaternary ammonium compound, and 4 min for nisin. These results underscore the distinction between biofilm removal and killing and reinforce the critical role of biocide reactivity in determining the rate of biofilm penetration.The action of a biocide or antibiotic against microorganisms in biofilms varies in time and space. There is insight to be gained into the phenomena important in this process by watching, through a microscope, the antimicrobial attack. Here we describe the application of a recently developed technique for visualizing antimicrobial action (29) to biofilms formed by Staphylococcus epidermidis. We describe distinct behaviors for the four antimicrobial agents examined, which were chlorine, glutaraldehyde, a quaternary ammonium compound (QAC), and an antimicrobial peptide, nisin.S. epidermidis, a commensal resident of the skin and an opportunistic pathogen, is a common culprit in nosocomial infections (13,15,31). In particular, this microorganism is known to form biofilms on indwelling devices such as catheters, prosthetic joints, and contact lenses. There is therefore interest in understanding the efficacy of biocides against biofilms formed by this organism in such applications as control of contamination on hospital countertops and in catheter lock solutions, skin disinfectants, and contact lens storage case disinfection.Numerous evaluations of biocide activity against S. epidermidis biofilms have been reported for such agents as chlorhexidine, hydrogen peroxide, povidone-iodine, alcohols, and chlorine (4,6,10,17,19,21,32). These ...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 63%

Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Biocide Action against Staphylococcus epidermidis Biofilms

Davison

Pitts

Stewart

2010

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

122

140

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“…These results clearly proved the generally accepted fact of the decreased sensitivity of biofilm cells to disinfectants in the comparison to the planctonic cells. Saginur et al (2006) proved it for pathogenic strains of staphylococci treated by antibitiocs, Houari and Martino (2007) for strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa growing in the presence of chlorhexidine and benzalkonium chloride, Moretro et al (2009) for Salmonella in biofilm on stainless steel. For Listeria monocytogenes it was observed for the wide range of disinfectants: sodium hypochlorite, quaternary ammonium compound and peroxyacetic acid (Stopforth et al 2002), ozone, chlorine, and hydrogen peroxide (Robbins et al 2005).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resistance of Listeria monocytogenes biofilms to disinfectants 326

Purkrtová¹,

Turonova²,

Pilchová³

et al. 2010

Czech J. Food Sci.

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Purkrtová S., Turoňová H., Pilchová T., Demnerová K., Pazlarová J. (2010): Resistance of Listeria monocytogenes biofilms to disinfectants. Czech J. Food Sci., 28: 326-332.We studied the optimal conditions for the biofilm development by Listeria monocytogenes on a model system represented by microtiter plates, and also for determined some effective disinfectant agents. Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 13932 and an industrial isolate of Listeria monocytogenes Lm-24 were compared as to their abilities to form biofilms. The starting concentration of the cells leading to the most reproducible results was 0.5 McFarland. The temperatures tested ranged between 8°C to 37°C, the optimal values to form biofilm in buffered peptone water (BPW) with 0.05% glucose were 25°C and 30°C. Under comparable conditions the persistent strain L. monocytogenes Lm-24 constituted more massive biofilm than did the reference strain. The following disinfectants were applied: Savo, Merades Alco, benzalalkonium chloride. A persistent industry in isolate Listeria monocytogenes Lm-24 was used as the model organism for these tests. Benzalalkonium chloride treatment was found to be the most efficient way to damage the biofilm. One minute treatment with 500 mg/l was lethal for the biofilm cells, and that with 125 mg/l for planctonic cells. Savo suppresed the viability of the biofilm cells only by about 20% on average while being lethal for planctonic cells. Merades Alco exhibited only a weak effect on both the biofilm and planctonic cells.

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“…15 Subinhibitory concentrations of the commonly used disinfectants chlorhexidine and benzalkonium-induced biofilm development by S. epidermidis strain CIP53124 strain. 19 In contrast, mild oxidative stress, induced by sub-inhibitory concentrations of hydrogen peroxide has been found to significantly reduce biofilm formation in S. epidermidis through down regulation of icaADBC operon expression. 20 Staphylococcus epidermidis is a skin commensal.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

Anti‐biofilm activity of sub‐inhibitory povidone‐iodine concentrations against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus

Oduwole

Glynn

Molony

et al. 2010

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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Biomaterial-related infections continue to hamper the success of reconstructive and arthroplasty procedures in orthopaedic surgery. Staphylococci are the most common etiologic agents, with biofilm formation representing a major virulence factor. Biofilms increase bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents and host immune responses. In staphylococci, production of polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA) by the enzyme products of the icaADBC operon is the best understood mechanism of biofilm development, making the ica genes a potential target for biofilm inhibitors. In this study we report that the antibacterial agent povidone-iodine (PI) also has anti-biofilm activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus at sub-inhibitory concentrations (p < 0.001). Inhibition of biofilm by PI correlated with decreased transcription of the icaADBC operon, which in turn correlated with activation of the icaR transcriptional repressor in Staphylococcus epidermidis. These data reveal an additional therapeutic benefit of PI and suggest that studies to evaluate suitability of PI as biomaterial coating agent to reduce device-related infections are merited. Despite improvements in orthopaedic surgery over the last three decades, deep infections continue to hamper the success of reconstructive and arthroplasty procedures. Prosthetic joint infection is associated with significant morbidity and sometimes mortality of the individual. It also represents a tremendous economic burden to healthcare institutions and the general public as a whole.

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Effect of chlorhexidine and benzalkonium chloride on bacterial biofilm formation

Cited by 99 publications

References 30 publications

Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Biocide Action against Staphylococcus epidermidis Biofilms

Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Biocide Action against Staphylococcus epidermidis Biofilms

Resistance of Listeria monocytogenes biofilms to disinfectants 326

Anti‐biofilm activity of sub‐inhibitory povidone‐iodine concentrations against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus

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