Effect of Chlordiazepoxide Upon Experimental Extinction in the Straight Runway as a Function of Partial Reinforcement in the Rat

Iwahara, Shinkuro; Nagamura, Neiichi; Iwasaki, Tsuneo

doi:10.4992/psycholres1954.9.128

Cited by 22 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…These data are already well documented (Hulse, 1958;Wagner, 1961) and need no further discussion, other than to mention that the frustration account has been used to interpret these results. The finding that pretrial injections of CDP lead to slower running times in acquisition and retarded extinction has also been previously reported (Iwahara, Iwasaki, Nagamura, & Masuyama, 1966;Iwahara, Nagamura, & Iwasaki, 1967). Similar results have been found using the pharmacologically related drugs amobarbital sodium (Rosen, Glass, & Ison, 1967;Wagner, 1963) and ethanol (Nelson & Wollen, 1965).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Effects of chlordiazepoxide and reward magnitude on the acquisition and extinction of a partially reinforced response

Demarest

Mackinnon

1978

Psychobiology

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This study describes the relationship between the tranquilizing drug chlordiazepoxide HCL and different magnitudes of reward during acquisition and extinction of a partially reinforced runway response. The results do not support predictions drawn directly from Amsel's (1958, 1962) frustrative nonreward hypothesis . Animals exhibited the same magnitude of reward extinction effect whether sedated during acquisition or not. Some evidence was found of a reversal in this effect in animals sedated in both acquisition and extinction.Hulse's (1958) study of the interaction of magnitude of reward and schedule of reinforcement is one of the main lines of evidence for Amsel's (1958Amsel's ( , 1962 frustration hypothesis . He found that animals trained with small reward were more resistant to extinction than animals trained with large reward if every acquisition trial had been reinforced. With a partial schedule of reinforcement, however, animals receiving large reward in acquisition were more resistant to extinction than animals receiving small reward. These paradoxical results were replicated by Wagner (1961).The interpretation of these results in terms of Amsel's (1958Amsel's ( , 1962 frustration theory depends on the occurrence of anticipatory frustration (rF) under partial reinforcement in acquisition, and the counterconditioning of this aversive emotional response to approach behavior. Since anticipatory frustration and its associated stimulus (SF) presumably evoke a competing-disruptive response, continued approach behavior in the presence of rF-sF reconditions rF-sF to approach responses. In the situation produced by differential magnitudes of reward, animals trained under partial large reward learn to respond in the presence of greater rF-sF than animals trained under partial small reward. The large-reward

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Effects of chlordiazepoxide and reward magnitude on the acquisition and extinction of a partially reinforced response

Demarest

Mackinnon

1978

Psychobiology

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“…The same overtraining effect upon statedependent learning was already reported in appetitive responses by one of our previous studies (Iwahara, Nagamura and Iwasaki, 1967) in which hungry rats trained for many days in the straight runway for food, ran slower on the following 3 days with the changed drug state (from CDP to saline or vice versa) but ran at the original faster speed when the internal state was shifted back to the original.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Drug-State Dependency as a Function of Overtraining in Rats

Iwahara

Noguchi

1972

Jpn. Psychol. Res

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After given 10 days of saline injections, rats in Group I were run 15 trials per day on a shuttle avoidance task to a 13/15 criterion plus 10 additional training days all under 20 mg/kg of chlordiazepoxide (D). From the following day, they were injected saline (N), being trained to the same criterion , after which they were trained only a day under D. Group II rats were similarly treated except they were not given 10 additional training days and Group III rats were treated like Group II except they were given D instead of N prior to training.All three groups behaved identically during the original training days under D and showed response decrements with the drug state change from D to N but the decrements were least marked in Group I. When the drug state was shifted back to the original drug state, Group I performed better than on the preceding criterion day under N; this finding was not observed in the other two groups. The obtained overtraining effects can not be ascribed simply to overmedication since Group III which was overmedicated but not overtrained failed to show the same effects. In explaining the results, the drug state was assumed as contextual cues which facilitate or inhibit the retrieval of the learned response.Our previous study (IN\ ahara, 1971) showed that chlordiazepoxide (CDP) at 20 mg/kg produced a marked dissociative effect upon shuttle avoidance learning such that avoidance responses of rats were impaired with drug-state changes especially from drug to placebo.This statedependency tended to decrease with overtraining prior to drug-state shifts but this tendency failed to achieve the statistical significance.The purpose of the present study is to investigate whether the same, but statistically significant effect can be obtained for a group of rats which are considerably overtrained before drug-state shifting in comparison with a control group of animals which are not overtrained.As overtrained rats are necessarily given longer days of medication than the second group of control rats, a third group is added which is administered drug injections prior to training for the same number of days as the first overtrained group is given additional days of training. METHOD Subjects. A total of 27 male rats of the Wistar-Imamichi strain were used as Ss; they were about 9 weeks old and weighed 221 g in average and 44 g in SD at the start of experimentation.At their home cages, food and water were always available.Apparatus. The apparatus used was an ordinary 2-compartment Miller-Morwer shuttle box, whose inside was painted grey. Both the grid floor and the hurdle in the center were electrically activated by passing a 600 V, 50 Hz currency if rats failed to shuttle to the next safe compartment within 5 see after the onset of a 80-phon buzzer sound.Procedure. Rats were classified into one of 3 groups, being equated in body weight, as shown in Table I. Groups I and II were given intraperitoneally (i. p.) 2 ml/kg of phyWe wish to give special thanks to Mr. Ken Sakurai and Mr. Hideaki Takagi for their ai...

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“…This overtraining effect upon state-dependency was also reported from our kuro laboratory (Iwahara , Nagamura & Iwasaki, 1967) in which hungry rats being trained to run down a straight runway for food for about 20 days, ran slower when the state was changed from D to N or vice versa, but ran as fast as before when the state was shifted back to the original. These findings may indicate that the drug-state can act as contextual cues which facilitate or inhibit the retrieval of an acquired response.…”

supporting

confidence: 77%

Effects of Overtraining Upon Drug-State Dependency in Discrimination Learning in White Rats

Iwahara

Noguchi

1974

Jpn. Psychol. Res

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Groups ND10ND, NDND and NNDN were treated daily with saline (N), and Group DDND was treated with 20mg/kg of chlordiazepoxide (D) 10 days prior to black-white escape discrimination training. Training I consisted of 20 trials per day on a discrimination task until a 90% correct criterion was met for all groups and Group ND 10ND was given 10 additional training days; Groups ND1OND, NDND and DDND were injected i.p. with D, 30 min prior to each daily session and Group NNDN with N. Following Training I, all groups were shifted in states and trained on the same task to the same criterion (Training 2), after which the state was shifted back to that in Training 1 and run only a day (Training 3). As in previous studies, discrimination learning was slightly depressed by D in Training 1, but otherwise there were no differences among the groups. With the state shift, errors increased for all groups but the overtrained group (ND1OND) made fewer errors and attained criterion faster than the other 2 groups (NDND and DDND) in the same state (Training 2). When the state was shifted again, Group ND1OND performed best among the 4 groups and they made fewer errors than on the preceding day in the opposite state (Training 3). Thus overtraining produced more transfer to a different state (D to N in this study) and better retrieval with the restored state (D).

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Effect of Chlordiazepoxide Upon Experimental Extinction in the Straight Runway as a Function of Partial Reinforcement in the Rat

Cited by 22 publications

References 10 publications

Effects of chlordiazepoxide and reward magnitude on the acquisition and extinction of a partially reinforced response

Effects of chlordiazepoxide and reward magnitude on the acquisition and extinction of a partially reinforced response

Drug-State Dependency as a Function of Overtraining in Rats

Effects of Overtraining Upon Drug-State Dependency in Discrimination Learning in White Rats

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