Effect of chemical environment on the intensities ofKαx-ray satellites produced in heavy-ion collisions

X-Rays and Radiochemistry

“…The intensity of the KL" peak follows a binomial probability distribution I(KL") = Ο P" L (\-PlT (2) where P L is the probability of ionization of the L shell and η the number of L vacancies. As pointed out by Watson et al, the KL" satellite line is closely related to the electronegativity of the neighbouring atoms of the X-ray emitter [50]. Results obtained by Benka et al indicated a strong influence of the chemical environment on the second and third peaks in the spectra [51].…”

Atomic number dependence ofL-shell vacancy rearrangement probabilities onK? X-ray satellites induced by 6 MeV/amu N4+ impacts

“…The first one, which is well established experimentally [1][2][3] and theoretically [4,5], is the change in the fluorescence yields depending upon the number of the L shell vacancies or in the electronic configurations of multiply ionized states. The second one concerns to the decay process of the primary L-shell vacancies prior to K c~ X-ray emission, which was pointed out by several authors recently [6][7][8][9]. The L-shell vacancy rearrangement process prior to X-ray emission should be caused by the electron transfer from the shells outer than L (intra-atomic transition) or from the neighbouring atoms (interatomic transition).…”

Heavy ion induced Ti X‐ray satellite structure for Ti, TiN, and TiO2 thin films

“…Particle‐induced X‐ray emission (PIXE) is a routine ion beam analysis (IBA) technique for quantitative elemental analysis . In addition, PIXE has been demonstrated to be useful for chemical speciation already in the 1970s using high energy resolution wavelength‐dispersive detectors, which operate in a narrow energy‐region …”

“…The chemical sensitivity of PIXE can emerge either from energy shifts of the X‐rays, from the relative intensity changes of different diagram lines (lines caused by a single electron vacancy), or from the relative intensity changes of X‐ray satellite lines (lines with two or more electron vacancies). In the first case, the shift is typically 0.1–1 eV .…”

“…These can be resolved if the energy resolution of the detector is sufficient. The rearrangement of the outer‐shell electrons that happen prior to the X‐ray emission is also affected by the chemical environment of the atom, either because the electrons are directly involved in bonds or because of interatomic electron transitions . These rearrangements can cause significant changes in relative intensities between different satellite lines, making the technique sensitive to the chemical environment.…”