“…TD cores consist of point defect complexes (e.g., impurities or vacancies) that have abundant dangling bonds, which form deep acceptors with a space-charge double Schottky barrier around dislocation lines; these acceptor-like negatively charged TDs generate an effective potential field that induces scattering of electrons by Coulombic interactions 4,5 . This "charged TD scattering" severely reduces the number of free charge carriers and thus diminishes electron mobility (μ e ) in epitaxial semiconductor films (e.g., GaAs 4 , InN 6 , GaN 3,7 ). Therefore, the control of charged TD scattering is a key requirement for achieving heteroepitaxial semiconductor films with an electronic grade if homoepitaxy is not available 3,8,9 .…”