Effect of certain angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on mortality in heart failure: A multiple-propensity analysis

Use of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors, Angiotensin Receptor Blockers, and Risk of Dementia in Heart Failure

“…29,30 The IPTW is the inverse of the propensity scores that are calculated using multinomial logistic regression in case of multiple treatment settings (treatments A, B, and control). 25,27 If the propensity score distribution has large variability (possibly because some covariates are highly correlated with treatment) then the treatment patterns will have extremely large weights. 28 Robins et al 21 and Hernán et al 31 recommend replacing the IPTW with stabilized weights to reduce this variability and ensure the estimated treatment effect remains unbiased.…”

“…We included diuretics (thiazide diuretics, potassium sparing diuretics, aldosterone antagonist, and loop diuretics), digitalis glycosides, statins, calcium channel blockers (CCBs), beta blockers (BBs), vasodilators, antiarrythmics, alpha blockers, insulin, oral hypoglycemics, and nonstatin lipotropics. Clinical factors included 22 comorbid conditions [24][25][26] and appropriate laboratory measures such as serum creatinine, LDL-C, and HbA1c. Severity of illness could not be assessed by ejection fraction (EF) or New York Heart Association (NYHA) HF classification due to lack of information in the database.…”

“…Instead, we used number of years in the cohort and prior hospitalization as a substitute for HF severity. 25,27 We also included number of all drugs taken, number of comorbid conditions, and Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) risk score to account for medication burden and disease severity. The CMS risk score is calculated based on data taken from a large pool of beneficiaries to estimate the average predicted costs for each of the component factors (eg, age sex, low-income status, and individual disease groups).…”

“…However, we attempted to control for this by adjusting for the number of years with HF, number of all medicine, and prior hospitalization of the patients, as in other large studies of patients with HF. 24,25,27 We also adjusted for 21 comorbidities, CMS risk scores, and accounted for time-dependent confounding by indication by adding monthly hospitalization records as a severity of illness factor in MSM. Finally, our findings are a cross-sectional view of real clinical practice in a cohort of patients with HF, with a follow-up of 3 years for a long-term condition.…”

Cost-Effectiveness of Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer and Age Effect in Older Women

“…ICERs were calculated for best-case and worst-case scenarios and for different age groups. A secondary analysis calculated ICERs on the basis of data from the entire sample of 14,610 patients (unmatched cohort) using the IPTW approach assuming log-normal distribution for survival time [34,51].…”