Effect of cathode composition on capacity fade, impedance rise and power fade in high-power, lithium-ion cells

Bloom, Ira; Jones, Shannon; Battaglia, Vincent; Henriksen, G. L.; Christophersen, Jon P.; Wright, R. B.; Ho, Chinh D.; Belt, Jeffrey R.; Motloch, Chester G.

doi:10.1016/s0378-7753(03)00806-1

Cited by 83 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Energy's (DOEs) Advanced Technology Development (ATD) program [7][8][9][10]. These cells are tested under various accelerated aging conditions to determine calendar-life and cycle-life performance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance degradation of high-power lithium-ion cells—Electrochemistry of harvested electrodes

Abraham

Knuth

Dees

et al. 2007

Journal of Power Sources

145

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance degradation of high-power lithium-ion cells—Electrochemistry of harvested electrodes

Abraham

Knuth

Dees

et al. 2007

Journal of Power Sources

145

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“…Although the conventional layered oxide LiCoO 2 has been commercialized as Li-ion battery cathode for twenty years, it can only deliver about 140 mAh/g capacity which is half of its theoretical capacity (Chen et al 2004). However, it has been reported that capacity fade of this material may be severe at elevated temperature (40-70ºC) due to SEI growth and micro-crack formation at the grain boundaries, which can lead in some cases to the explosion of the battery (Bloom et al 2003).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Second life of electric vehicle batteries: relation between materials degradation and environmental impact

Casals

García

Aguesse

et al. 2015

Int J Life Cycle Assess

136

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Nowadays, the electric vehicle is one of the most promising alternatives for sustainable transportation. However, the battery, which is one of the most important components, is the main contributor to environmental impact and faces recycling issues. In order to reduce the carbon footprint and to minimize the overall recycling processes, this paper introduces the concept of re-use of electric vehicle batteries, analyzing some possible second-life applications.\ud Methods\ud First, the boundaries of the life cycle assessment of an electric vehicle are defined, considering the use of the battery in a second-life application. To perform the study, we present eight different scenarios for the second-life application. For each case, the energy, the efficiency, and the lifetime of the battery are calculated. Additionally, and based on the global warming potential, the environmental impact of the electric vehicle and its battery on a second-life application is determined for each scenario. Finally, an environmentally focused discussion on battery electrodes and research trends is presented.\ud Results and discussion\ud For the selected scenarios, the second life of the battery varies from 8 to 20 years depending on the application and the requirements. It has been observed that the batteries connected to the electricity grid for energy arbitrage storage have the highest impact per provided kilowatt hour. On the contrary, the environmental benefit comes from applications working with renewable energy sources and presenting a longer lifetime. We pointed out that a correlation between cycling conditions and degradation mechanisms of the electrode materials is compulsory for proper use of the electric vehicle battery in a second-life application.\ud Conclusions\ud To limit the environmental impact, batteries should be associated with renewable energy sources in stationary applications. However, it is more profitable to re-use Li-ion batteries than to use new lead-acid batteries. Although many batteries applied for electric vehicles use graphite-based anodes, the latter may not be the most suitable for the second-life application. A better understanding of Li-ion battery degradation during the second-life application is required for the different existing chemistries.Postprint (author's final draft

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“…Under the above viewpoints, most LIB makers have aggressively developed power cells with a good profit margin, while most LIB studies in the last 20 years have focused on searching for better materials and better compositions to enable a longer cycle life or increase capacity [1][2][3]. In addition, current leading cell makers only have good experience in producing energy cells.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, current leading cell makers only have good experience in producing energy cells. The requirements of power batteries are very different; for example, they must work well at rates higher than 5 C [3][4][5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of cathode impedance on the performances of power-oriented lithium ion batteries

Chen

2009

J Appl Electrochem

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Since power batteries have different requirements than traditional energy-oriented lithium ion batteries (LIBs) and their design concept is also different than energy-type cells, some new problems not encountered in energy-oriented LIBs must be carefully considered. This study illustrates that cathode impedance, a contributor to total cell impedance which can be ignored in the traditional energy-type LIBs, plays a very important role in power cells. This study uses 18650 cylindrical power cells consisting of a LiMn 2 O 4 cathode and graphite anode with a basic electrolyte of PC/EC/DMC = 1/3/6 by weight containing 1.2 M LiPF 6 as model power LIBs. This study also investigates the charge-discharge performance of these model batteries made from cathodes with the same recipe but dried at different oven temperatures. The high impedance cathode produced under a high drying temperature causes the cell to fail during high-power applications. Cell heating during extreme high rate discharging periods not only causes pore closure in the porous separator, but also cathode peeling from the substrate. These phenomena, increasing the cell resistance and reducing the transfer rate of charged species, are believed to be the main causes for the poor cycle life of model batteries in high rate discharge tests.

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Effect of cathode composition on capacity fade, impedance rise and power fade in high-power, lithium-ion cells

Cited by 83 publications

References 11 publications

Performance degradation of high-power lithium-ion cells—Electrochemistry of harvested electrodes

Performance degradation of high-power lithium-ion cells—Electrochemistry of harvested electrodes

Second life of electric vehicle batteries: relation between materials degradation and environmental impact

Effects of cathode impedance on the performances of power-oriented lithium ion batteries

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