Effect of carrier morphology and surface characteristics on the development of respirable PLGA microcapsules for sustained-release pulmonary delivery of insulin

Aggregated Nanotransfersomal Dry Powder Inhalation of Itraconazole for Pulmonary Drug Delivery

“…For overcoming the above mentioned drawbacks of lactose, mannitol is a suitable substitute carrier that possesses further positive aspects. 20 For these reasons, mannitol was chosen as an excipient for cospray drying with nanotransfersomes. Once the nanotransfersomes aggregate, with their large surface area, in the dry powder formulation is deposited in the aqueous lining fluid in the lung, the mannitol may quickly dissolve, resulting in the dispersion of nanotransfersomes in the respiratory tract fluids.…”

“…They are propellant-free, portable, easy to operate and low-cost devices with improved stability of the formulation as a result of the dry state. 19,20 According to our literature review, there is no report about the application of nanotransfersomes in pulmonary drug delivery. Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to introduce transfersomes as a carrier for pulmonary delivery in the form of dry powder inhalation formulation.…”

A New Era of Pulmonary Delivery of Nano-antimicrobial Therapeutics to Treat Chronic Pulmonary Infections

“…Studies have shown that the elongation ratio and shape factor of a particle dictates its trajectory in the respiratory tract. Rod-shaped particles of carrier lactose showed an increase in fine particle fraction compared to approximately spherical particles, due to a spatial hindering effect [20,22]. Another study performed on rod-shaped cromoglicic acid showed an increased fine particle fraction due to their shape being analogous to that of asbestos fibres which have a higher susceptibility for pulmonary deposition [23,24].…”

“…Surface roughness of a particle impacts the aerosolization efficiency of a dry powder inhalation as it determines the interaction forces between the drug particles and between the drug and carrier particles (if present) in a formulation. An appropriate balance between the interaction forces (during mixing/filling) and separation forces (during inhalation) of these particles is essential to ensure efficient delivery of the medicament to the peripheral lung, when delivered as dry powder inhalations [19][20][21]. Studies have demonstrated that an increase in surface roughness of lactose carrier particles and sieved sorbitol particles proportionately improves the drug carrying capacity of the carrier; however the drug particles are held tightly to the carrier particles and hence the emitted dose from the inhaler device decreases [19][20][21].…”

An In Vitro Aerosolization Efficiency Comparison of Generic and Branded Salbutamol Metered Dose Inhalers

“…6 Inhaling the medicine allows it to act directly in the lung where it is most needed and among the pulmonary drug delivery systems, metered dose inhalers (MDIs) are undoubtedly the most widespread and popular used devices for pulmonary delivery. 7 MDIs developed in 1956 and are the most widely used devices for aerosol therapy and used by over 70 million worldwide. An MDI consists of a canister holding suspension or solution containing drug and surfactants, propellant and lubricants.…”