Effect of carbon additive on electrochemical performance of LiCoO2 composite cathodes

Hong, Jin Ki; Lee, Jong H.; Oh, Seung M.

doi:10.1016/s0378-7753(02)00264-1

Journal of Power Sources

2002

DOI: 10.1016/s0378-7753(02)00264-1

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Effect of carbon additive on electrochemical performance of LiCoO2 composite cathodes

Jin Ki Hong

Jong H. Lee

Seung M. Oh

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Cited by 114 publications

(75 citation statements)

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“…The composite electrodes contain varying percentages of conductive carbon and polymeric binder in addition to the active material, as shown schematically in Figure 1, in order to enhance the conductivity and mechanical stability of the electrode. 11 The capacity of the electrode is usually dominated by the charge storage behavior of the active material. However, the charge storage abilities of the slurry could arise from a combination of the capacity of all three components ( Figure 1).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Reversible Capacity of Conductive Carbon Additives at Low Potentials: Caveats for Testing Alternative Anode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries

See

Lumley

Stucky

et al. 2016

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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The electrochemical performance of alternative anode materials for Li-ion batteries is often measured using composite electrodes consisting of active material and conductive carbon additives. Cycling of these composite electrodes at low voltages demonstrates charge storage at the operating potentials of viable anodes, however, the conductive carbon additive is also able to store charge in the low potential regime. The contribution of the conductive carbon additives to the observed capacity is often neglected when interpreting the electrochemical performance of electrodes. To provide a reference for the contribution of the carbons to the observed capacity, we report the charge storage behavior of two common conductive carbon additives Super P and Ketjenblack as a function of voltage, rate, and electrolyte composition. Both carbons exhibit substantial capacities after 100 cycles, up to 150 mAh g −1 , when cycled to 10 mV. The capacity is dependent on the discharge cutoff voltage and cycling rate with some dependence on electrolyte composition. The first few cycles are dominated by the formation of the SEI followed by a fade to a steady, reversible capacity thereafter. Neglecting the capacity of the carbon additive can lead to significant errors in the estimation of charge storage capabilities of the active material. The investigation of alternative anode materials for Li batteries is driven by the need for sustainable materials exhibiting high, reversible capacity at low voltages that outperform the current ubiquitous anode chemistry provided by Li intercalated graphite. Although the Li-ion battery is currently capacity limited by the cathode, next-generation cathodes such as elemental S 8 , for example, have high theoretical capacities, up to five times higher than the conventional lithiated graphite anode. Due to this capacity mismatch, Li-S cells rely on the use of unsafe Li metal anodes that add significant challenges to the already complicated cathode chemistry to achieve high energy densities.Systems evaluated as high capacity anodes include elemental electrode materials such as Si, 1,2 and conversion materials including transition metal oxides, 3-5 fluorides, 6,7 hydrides, 8 and sulfides. 9,10 Conversion materials are of interest because the full oxidation state of the transition metal can be utilized, enabling high theoretical capacities. The electrochemical activity of alternative anode materials is often evaluated in composite electrodes at low potentials, close to that of Li/Li + , to demonstrate charge storage at viable anode potentials. The composite electrodes contain varying percentages of conductive carbon and polymeric binder in addition to the active material, as shown schematically in Figure 1, in order to enhance the conductivity and mechanical stability of the electrode.11 The capacity of the electrode is usually dominated by the charge storage behavior of the active material. However, the charge storage abilities of the slurry could arise from a combination of the capacity of all three compon...

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Reversible Capacity of Conductive Carbon Additives at Low Potentials: Caveats for Testing Alternative Anode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries

See

Lumley

Stucky

et al. 2016

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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show abstract

“…For example, LiCoO 2 and graphite, the most common cathode and anode in Li-ion batteries, are good absorbers even with a thickness less than 1 μm. Moreover, black conductive carbon additive is always required in electrodes, which occupies at least 10% of the total volume (16). In contrast, to power common portable electronics, the total thickness of electrode material needs to be on the order of 100 μm-1 mm, much longer than the absorption length of electrode materials.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Transparent lithium-ion batteries

Yang¹,

Jeong

Hu³

et al. 2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

242

212

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Transparent devices have recently attracted substantial attention. Various applications have been demonstrated, including displays, touch screens, and solar cells; however, transparent batteries, a key component in fully integrated transparent devices, have not yet been reported. As battery electrode materials are not transparent and have to be thick enough to store energy, the traditional approach of using thin films for transparent devices is not suitable. Here we demonstrate a grid-structured electrode to solve this dilemma, which is fabricated by a microfluidics-assisted method. The feature dimension in the electrode is below the resolution limit of human eyes, and, thus, the electrode appears transparent. Moreover, by aligning multiple electrodes together, the amount of energy stored increases readily without sacrificing the transparency. This results in a battery with energy density of 10 Wh∕L at a transparency of 60%. The device is also flexible, further broadening their potential applications. The transparent device configuration also allows in situ Raman study of fundamental electrochemical reactions in batteries.energy storage | flexible electronics | self-assembly | transparent electronics T ransparent electronics is an emerging and promising technology for the next generation of optoelectronic devices. Transparent devices have been fabricated for various applications, including transistors (1-6), optical circuits (7), displays (8-10), touch screens (11), and solar cells (12)(13)(14). However, the battery, a key component in portable electronics, has not been demonstrated as a transparent device. Consequently, fully integrated and transparent devices cannot be realized because the battery occupies a considerable footprint area and volume in these devices (e.g., cell phones and tablet computers). Typically, a battery is composed of electrode materials, current collectors, electrolyte, separators, and packaging (15). None of them are transparent except for the electrolyte. Furthermore, as these components are in series, all of them must be clear to make the whole device transparent. A widely used method for making transparent devices is to reduce the thickness of active materials down to much less than their optical absorption length, as demonstrated in carbon nanotubes (5, 7), graphene (11), and organic semiconductors (12,14). However, this approach is not suitable for batteries, because, to our knowledge, no battery material has an absorption length long enough in the full voltage window. For example, LiCoO 2 and graphite, the most common cathode and anode in Li-ion batteries, are good absorbers even with a thickness less than 1 μm. Moreover, black conductive carbon additive is always required in electrodes, which occupies at least 10% of the total volume (16). In contrast, to power common portable electronics, the total thickness of electrode material needs to be on the order of 100 μm-1 mm, much longer than the absorption length of electrode materials. This dilemma comes from the fact that the trans...

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“…It is interesting to discover whether these active materials can be used in composite electrodes for Li batteries, as they would possibly reduce the need for significant addition of carbonaceous materials, in order to maintain electrical contact among the particles and between the active mass and the current collector. Usually, composite cathodes based on Li-intercalating transition-metal oxides or sulfides have to include additional carbon particles (5-15 wt %) [17,18] in order to achieve electrical contact between the active mass and the current collector (and among the particles themselves). As the particles are smaller (which may be very important for achieving high rates), critical problems may arise regarding the electrical properties of the composite electrodes, because the carbon particles may not be in direct contact with all of the very small particles of the active mass.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Testing Carbon‐Coated VO_x Prepared via Reaction under Autogenic Pressure at Elevated Temperature as Li‐Insertion Materials

Odani¹,

Pol²,

Pol³

et al. 2006

Advanced Materials

151

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V 2 O 3 powder is frequently used in conductive polymer composites and in catalysts. [1][2][3] In addition, a variety of VO x and MVO x (e.g., V 2 O 5 , V 6 O 13 , CaV 3 O 7 ) compounds have been suggested and tested as cathode materials for rechargeable Li batteries. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10] These vanadium oxide-based compounds are still among the most intensively studied cathode materials for rechargeable Li batteries. It should be noted that studies related to Li-battery materials are of high interest in materials science. [11][12][13][14] The synthesis of spherical V 2 O 3 nanoparticles by the reductive pyrolysis of ammonium oxovanadium(IV) carbonato hydroxide has been reported. [15] Nanocrystalline V 2 O 3 was synthesized by the thermal decomposition of divanadium pentoxide by Su and Schlogl. [16] In this report, we present results of the RAPET dissociation (RAPET: reaction under autogenic pressure at elevated temperatures) of VO(OC 2 H 5 ) 3 , which produces carbon-coated vanadium oxide (CCVO). This novel method, using only a metallic alkoxide precursor in the absence of a catalyst or a solvent, is a one-step process yielding a core/shell morphology. Further oxidation of the CCVO produces carbon-coated V 2 O 5 (CCV 2 O 5 ) nanoparticles. In the present study, we explore to what extent the carbon shell enables electrical contact among the CCVO particles, while not interfering with a smooth Li intercalation with the V 2 O 3 particles. It is interesting to discover whether these active materials can be used in composite electrodes for Li batteries, as they would possibly reduce the need for significant addition of carbonaceous materials, in order to maintain electrical contact among the particles and between the active mass and the current collector. Usually, composite cathodes based on Li-intercalating transition-metal oxides or sulfides have to include additional carbon particles (5-15 wt %) [17,18] in order to achieve electrical contact between the active mass and the current collector (and among the particles themselves). As the particles are smaller (which may be very important for achieving high rates), critical problems may arise regarding the electrical properties of the composite electrodes, because the carbon particles may not be in direct contact with all of the very small particles of the active mass. Hence, the use of an active mass where each particle is coated by a thin (conductive) carbon layer that is permeable to Li ions may be very advantageous for Li-battery application. This paper is the first report on the use of CCVO as the active mass in composite cathodes for rechargeable Li batteries. The carbon and hydrogen content in the CCVO samples was determined by elemental analysis measurements. The calculated elemental percentage of carbon in the precursor, VO(OC 2 H 5 ) 3 , was 44.3 %, while the elemental percentage of hydrogen was 9.6 %. The measured percentage of carbon in the carbon-coated V 2 O 3 (CCV 2 O 3 ) product is usually 30 %, while the percentage of hydrogen is only 0.3 %. Hence, it...

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Effect of carbon additive on electrochemical performance of LiCoO2 composite cathodes

Cited by 114 publications

References 11 publications

Reversible Capacity of Conductive Carbon Additives at Low Potentials: Caveats for Testing Alternative Anode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries

Reversible Capacity of Conductive Carbon Additives at Low Potentials: Caveats for Testing Alternative Anode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries

Transparent lithium-ion batteries

Testing Carbon‐Coated VO_x Prepared via Reaction under Autogenic Pressure at Elevated Temperature as Li‐Insertion Materials

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Effect of carbon additive on electrochemical performance of LiCoO2 composite cathodes

Cited by 114 publications

References 11 publications

Reversible Capacity of Conductive Carbon Additives at Low Potentials: Caveats for Testing Alternative Anode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries

Reversible Capacity of Conductive Carbon Additives at Low Potentials: Caveats for Testing Alternative Anode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries

Transparent lithium-ion batteries

Testing Carbon‐Coated VOx Prepared via Reaction under Autogenic Pressure at Elevated Temperature as Li‐Insertion Materials

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Product

Resources

About

Testing Carbon‐Coated VO_x Prepared via Reaction under Autogenic Pressure at Elevated Temperature as Li‐Insertion Materials