Effect of Calcination Temperature on Titanium Dioxide Synthesized by Sol-Gel Method

Banjuraizah, Johar; Ong, Yong Por; Ahmad, Zainal Arifin

doi:10.30967/ijcrset.1.s1.2018.68-74

Cited by 7 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 17 publications

(27 reference statements)

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“…The rutile phase was observed above 500 • C. This result was in good agreement with the reports of Mutuma et al [26], Bamme et al [33] and Saalinraj et al [34]. A mixture of the anatase and the rutile phases was found between 650 • C and 700 • C which was consistent with the study of Banjuraizah et al [35]. The anatase and brookite phases were completely converted to the rutile phase at 800 • C because the rutile phase provided thermal stability at high temperature [34].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

Effect of Calcination Temperature on Photocatalytic Activity of Synthesized TiO2 Nanoparticles via Wet Ball Milling Sol-Gel Method

et al. 2020

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In this work, TiO2 nanoparticles were successfully synthesized with narrow size distribution via a wet ball milling sol-gel method. The effect of calcination temperature on photocatalytic activity was observed from particle size, crystallite size, and phase transition of TiO2 nanoparticles. Increasing calcination temperature increased particle size, crystallite size, and the crystallinity of synthesized TiO2. Phase transition depended on variation in calcination temperatures. A two-phase mixture of anatase and brookite was obtained with lower calcination temperature whereas a three-phase mixture appeared when calcination temperature was 500–600 °C. With higher temperature, the rutile phase kept increasing until it was the only phase observed at 800 °C. Anatase strongly affected the photocatalytic activity from 300 °C to 600 °C while the particle size of TiO2 was found to have a dominant effect on the photocatalytic activity between 600 °C and 700 °C. A mixture of three phases of TiO2-600 exhibited the highest methylene blue degradation with the rate constant of 9.46 × 10−2 h−1 under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

Effect of Calcination Temperature on Photocatalytic Activity of Synthesized TiO2 Nanoparticles via Wet Ball Milling Sol-Gel Method

et al. 2020

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“…Thus, the total transformations to the rutile phase occurred at 650 °C. During this change from (anatase to rutile), there was a phenomenon of polymorphs reconstructing due to the assembling of the atoms and the wide-range reorganization of the bonds of the particles [ 10 ]. Therefore, the phase transformation due to varied annealing temperatures was as shown in Eq.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The optimal peak intensities of the anatase phase were observed at 550 C thermal annealing, after which 650 C temperature caused a drastic decrease in intensities with an appearance of the peaks from the rutile phase. As the temperature increased, mixed anatase-rutile peaks were observed, with a small peak from brookite detected between 550 C and 650 C. Thus, the total transformations to the rutile phase occurred at 650 C. During this change from (anatase to rutile), there was a phenomenon of polymorphs reconstructing due to the assembling of the atoms and the wide-range reorganization of the bonds of the particles [10]. Therefore, the phase transformation due to varied annealing temperatures was as shown in Eq.…”

Section: Xrd Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To prepare TiO 2 with the desired properties, various techniques such as sol-gel, solvothermal, hydrothermal, and hydrolytic precipitation have been used [ 8 , 9 ]. Among other techniques, sol-gel is the most appropriate because it can make nanomaterials with required surface properties and control reaction at low temperatures [ 10 ]. The rutile phase is thermodynamically stable, unlike the metastable anatase and brookite phases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of annealing temperature on structural, optical, and photocatalytic properties of titanium dioxide nanoparticles

Muthee

Dejene

2021

Heliyon

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Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) nanoparticles (NPs) were produced by simple sol-gel technique and annealed for 2 h in air. The impact of annealing temperature on the physical, morphological, photocatalytic, and optical properties was studied. X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements proved that a gradual phase change from anatase to rutile occurred with increased annealing temperature. The crystal structures of the NPs were found to change at different temperatures; anatase phase at 450 °C, mixed-phase (anatase/Rutile) at 550–650 °C, and rutile phase at 750 °C. The rise in the annealing temperature improved the crystallinity of the NPs. The crystal and grain size of the NPs increased with the annealing temperature hence reducing the specific surface area due to the condensed boundaries between subunits of the NPs. As per the Kubelka-Munk equation, the bandgap reduced as the temperature elevated. The photocatalytic activity of the NPs was higher in the anatase/rutile mixed-phase than in the single anatase and rutile phase. Experimental results indicated that annealing temperature could effectively change the properties of the TiO 2 NPs.

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“…[ 24 ] It was reported that the anatase started to convert into rutile at temperature of 873 K and above. [ 25,26 ] For this study, the calcination temperature applied was 873 K, thus the transformation of anatase to rutile was detected in the XRD patterns. The phase compositions of each catalyst were determined using this equation:

Anatase (() %) = \frac{100}{(1 + I_{normalR} / 0.79 I_{normalA})}

where I R and I A are the main peak intensities of anatase (101) and rutile (110), respectively.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insight into the influence of defect sites in mixed phase of mesoporous titania nanoparticles toward photocatalytic degradation of 2‐chlorophenol: Effect of light source

Marfur

Jaafar

2021

J Chinese Chemical Soc

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The impact of different light irradiation was studied on photocatalytic degradation of 2‐chlorophenol (2‐CP) using mesoporous titania nanoparticles (MTNs) prepared by microwave‐assisted methods. The photoactivity of MTNs was also compared with pretreated commercial TiO2 and Degussa P25 (P25). The reactions were conducted for 2.5 hr under UV‐A, UV‐C, sunlight, and visible light using a batch reactor. The catalysts were characterized by X‐ray powder diffractometer, UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, photoluminescence, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method, field‐emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The characterization results confirmed that MTN consisted a composition of 21% rutile phase and 79% anatase phase with Ti3+ site defects (TSDs) and oxygen vacancies (OVs) in their structures because of their anionic surfactant nature, microwave heating, and high calcination temperature during the catalyst preparation. Besides, the photoactivity of MTN upon degradation of 2‐CP under sunlight has exhibited the best performance with 100% degradation followed by UV‐A, visible light, and UV‐C with degradation of 96, 52, and 39%, respectively. MTNs showed a remarkable performance due to their mixed‐phase crystalline structures as well as the formation of TSDs and OVs, which improved the charge migration, lowered the band gap energy, and reduced the rate of electron–hole recombination, thus succeeded to be activated under a wide range of light responses.

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Effect of Calcination Temperature on Titanium Dioxide Synthesized by Sol-Gel Method

Cited by 7 publications

References 17 publications

Effect of Calcination Temperature on Photocatalytic Activity of Synthesized TiO2 Nanoparticles via Wet Ball Milling Sol-Gel Method

Effect of Calcination Temperature on Photocatalytic Activity of Synthesized TiO2 Nanoparticles via Wet Ball Milling Sol-Gel Method

Effect of annealing temperature on structural, optical, and photocatalytic properties of titanium dioxide nanoparticles

Insight into the influence of defect sites in mixed phase of mesoporous titania nanoparticles toward photocatalytic degradation of 2‐chlorophenol: Effect of light source

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