Caffeine has a dose dependant effect in vitro on the motility of human spermatozoa obtained from volunteers. In doses of 6 mM and 60 mM it delayed the fall in motility with time of spermatozoa when added within an hour of ejaculation. 6 mM caffeine had similar effects on the motility of spermatozoa obtained from oligozoospermic patients. However, 6 mM caffeine was ineffective in modifying the motility of previously cryopre‐served spermatozoa. In vitro theophylline 6 mM was effective in delaying the fall in motility with time of human spermatozoa obtained from volunteers and oligozoospermic patients within one h of ejaculation. In the doses used (prostaglandin E1, 25 μg/ml, E2, 25 μg/ml, F1α. 5 μg/ml and F2α, 5 μg/ml) none of the prostaglandins delayed the fall in in vitro motility with time of human spermatozoa obtained from volunteers or oligozoospermic patients, in fact prostaglandins E1, E2, and F2α caused an inhibition of the motility of spermatozoa obtained from volunteers.