Effect of breed and lithium chloride dose on the conditioned aversion to olive tree leaves (Olea europaea L.) of sheep

Manuelian, Carmen L.; Albanell, Elena; Rovai, Maristela; Salama, A. A. K.; Caja, G.

doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2014.03.002

Cited by 8 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Most CTA animals showed dropped heads, inactivity and decreased intake of the basal diet the day after LiCl administration 10,11,17 ; however, animals overcame these signs of gastrointestinal discomfort within 2 days 10,11 . For all the doses used, the typical CTA behavior observed was that the animals refused to approach the feeding boxes, sniffed the plant material and rejected to eat or consumed <10 g of the target feed 10,17 .…”

Section: Representative Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For all the doses used, the typical CTA behavior observed was that the animals refused to approach the feeding boxes, sniffed the plant material and rejected to eat or consumed <10 g of the target feed 10,17 . In addition, differences between doses for each species were detected regarding the long-term persistence and the number of animals needing a reinforcing LiCl dose in the short-term.…”

Section: Representative Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If animals consume less than 20-30 g, repeat the procedure the following day. Due to their innate neophobic feed behavior, animals could need more than 1 day to begin consuming the target feed 10,17,[25][26][27] . 4.…”

Section: Aversion Inductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lithium (Li) is absorbed from the upper gastrointestinal tract and distributed in the total body water space 9 . The animals can have a recovery period as short as two days 7,10,11 . The LiCl can be administered by mixing it with the food 12,13 , in a gelatin capsule 13,14 or in a solution administered orally by a drenching gun [15][16][17] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, considering the known dosage effects towards different species and breeds, the lethal effect in some cases start at 400 mg LiCl/kg BW. The recommended dosage for an effective long-term CTA begins at 200 mg/kg BW for goats and 225 mg/kg BW for sheep 10,17,19 . Li used at these dosages is excreted within the first 4 days postadministration, mainly through urine (92 ± 4%), followed by feces (6.5 ± 1.3%) and milk (2.8 ± 0.4%) 11 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is a learning behavior process where animals are trained to reject certain feed after gastrointestinal discomfort has been produced. Lithium chloride (LiCl) is the preferred agent used in livestock to induce CTA because it specifically stimulates the vomit center. In addition, LiCl is commercially available, and easy to prepare and administer using a drenching gun. Nevertheless, some factors have to be considered to obtain an effective long-lasting CTA, which allows small ruminants to graze during the cropping season. A key aspect is to use animals with no previous contact with the target plant (the plant chosen to be avoided; new feed). Due to their native neophobic feeding behavior, small ruminants can easily associate the negative feedback effects with the new feed, resulting in a strong and persistent CTA. The recommended doses are 200 and 225 mg LiCl/kg body weight (BW) for goats and sheep, respectively. To induce CTA, 100 g of the target plant should be individually offered for at least 30 min, and LiCl administered thereafter if the intake is greater than 10 g. Each time the animal eats the target plant without negative consequences, the CTA becomes weaker. Consequently, to minimize the risk of target plant consumption, it is essential to have sufficient palatable ground cover available. The presence of an alternative feed (of quality and quantity) prevents the accidental consumption of the target plant. A close monitoring of the flock is recommended to remove and re-dose any animal consuming more than 4 bites or 10 g of the target plant. At the beginning of each grazing season, check the CTA status of each animal before moving them to the crop. Video LinkThe video component of this article can be found at

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