Effect of breast milk of diabetic mothers on bodyweight of the offspring in the first year of life

Kerssen, Anneloes; Evers, Inge M.; Valk, Harold W. de; Visser, Gerard H.A.

doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601977

Cited by 25 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Effects of milk consumed in this 1st week were confirmed in the same cohort, after accounting for intake in the 2nd to 4th week of life (13). However, among offspring of mothers with type 1 diabetes, Kerssen et al (15) found no association of infant feeding modality in the first 6 weeks of life with weight or BMI at 1 year of age. Pettitt et al (14) found that among Pima Indians, a protective effect of breastfeeding on subsequent development of type 2 diabetes in offspring appeared to be present in mothers with or without diabetes during pregnancy, although the sample size was small.…”

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confidence: 80%

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Breast-Feeding and Risk for Childhood Obesity

et al. 2006

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OBJECTIVE -We sought to evaluate whether maternal diabetes or weight status attenuates a previously reported beneficial effect of breast-feeding on childhood obesity.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS -Growing Up Today Study (GUTS) participants were offspring of women who participated in the Nurses' Health Study II. In the present study, 15,253 girls and boys (aged 9 -14 years in 1996) were included. Maternal diabetes and weight status and infant feeding were obtained by maternal self-report. We defined maternal overweight as BMI Ն25 kg/m 2 . Childhood obesity, from self-reported height and weight, was based on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention definitions as normal, at risk for overweight, or overweight. Maternal status categories were nondiabetes/normal weight, nondiabetes/overweight, or diabetes. Logistic regression models used generalized estimating equations to account for nonindependence between siblings.RESULTS -For all subjects combined, breast-feeding was associated with reduced overweight (compared with normal weight) in childhood. Compared with exclusive use of formula, the odds ratio (OR) for exclusive breast-feeding was 0.66 (95% CI 0.53-0.82), adjusted for age, sex, and Tanner CONCLUSIONS -Breast-feeding was inversely associated with childhood obesity regardless of maternal diabetes status or weight status. These data provide support for all mothers to breast-feed their infants to reduce the risk for childhood overweight.

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confidence: 80%

“…However, several issues are unresolved, including the potential for residual confounding to explain the effect (10,11). Moreover, it is possible that the impact of breast-feeding on childhood obesity may be attenuated or reversed among children whose mothers have diabetes (12)(13)(14)(15) or may be enhanced if mothers are overweight or obese (16,17).…”

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confidence: 99%

Breast-Feeding and Risk for Childhood Obesity

et al. 2006

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“…In populationbased studies, breast-feeding has been suggested to be protective against obesity and diabetes in later life (5,7,8). Whether this is the case in a population of diabetic women has been questioned (24,25). Breast milk of diabetic mothers is characterized by increased glucose and insulin concentrations, as seen particularly in the analysis of colostrum samples (24).…”

Section: Breast-feeding In Women With Diabetesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-Term Breast-Feeding in Women With Type 1 Diabetes

Stage

Nørgård²,

Damm³

et al. 2006

Diabetes Care

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OBJECTIVE -Breast-feeding may be more difficult in women with diabetes because of neonatal morbidity and fluctuating maternal blood glucose values. The frequency of long-term breast-feeding and the possible predictors for successful breast-feeding were investigated.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS -One hundred two consecutive women with type 1 diabetes were interviewed about breast-feeding using a semistructured questionnaire 5 days and 4 months after delivery. Clinical data were collected from the medical records.RESULTS -Five days after delivery, 86% of the women were breast-feeding. Four months after delivery, 55 (54%) women were exclusively, 14 (14%) were partly, and 33 (32%) were not breast-feeding compared with 50, 26, and 24% in the background population (NS). Mothers exclusively breast-feeding at 4 months were characterized by previous experience with breastfeeding, a higher educational level, and vaginal delivery and included a high proportion of nonsmokers, whereas there were no associations with diabetes-related parameters such as white classes, duration of diabetes, HbA 1c , and insulin dose at conception. Breast-fed offspring had a significantly higher birth weight and gestational age and were less often receiving glucose intravenously compared with the remaining offspring. Independent predictors of exclusive breastfeeding at 4 months were previous experience with breast-feeding (odds ratio 6.3 [95% CI 2.4 -17]) and higher educational level (7.1 [2.4 -21]). Cessation of breast-feeding was mainly due to common nursing problems, such as perceived milk supply, and not related to maternal diabetes status.CONCLUSIONS -The majority of the women with type 1 diabetes initiated breast-feeding, and the prevalence of breast-feeding at 4 months was comparable to that in the background population. Independent predictors of exclusive breast-feeding at 4 months were previous experience with breast-feeding and higher educational level. Diabetes Care 29:771-774, 2006I n Denmark, as well as globally, exclusive breast-feeding is recommended for the first 4 -6 months of life (1,2). Health care workers are encouraged to play a role in promoting breast-feeding and providing mothers with the appropriate information and support (1). In women with diabetes, much attention is given during pregnancy to preventing morbidity for both mother and child (3), whereas less attention is paid to breastfeeding (4). Breast-feeding is suggested to prevent future diseases and may prevent future obesity (2,5). Breast-feeding probably protects against the development of both type 1 diabetes (6,7) and type 2 diabetes (8) in offspring. Therefore, it is of special importance to encourage women with diabetes to breast-feed for at least 4 -6 months and to prevent early exposure of their offspring to cow's milk. Breast-feeding in women with type 1 diabetes may be more difficult to establish and of shorter duration compared with the background population because of increased maternal and neonatal morbidity.Fluctuating maternal blood glucose values with...

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“…A number of subsequent studies addressed this question and came to heterogeneous results. While two studies pointed towards unfavourable consequences of breastfeeding for risk of overweight and impaired glucose tolerance in ODM [4,19] , some recent studies showed benefi cial effects of a prolonged breastfeeding, i.e., longer than 4 months, in this special risk group [5,18,21] . For the interpretation of these different results, it is important to realize that a number of confounders must be considered, including e.g., time point of exposure, type of maternal diabetes, age at follow-up and maternal body weight [29] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid neonatal weight gain increases risk of childhood overweight in offspring of diabetic mothers

Plagemann¹,

Harder²,

Rodekamp³

et al. 2012

Journal of Perinatal Medicine

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Aim: Increased neonatal weight gain has been suggested as risk factor for later overweight. Offspring of diabetic mothers (ODM) have a long-term increased overweight risk. However, the role of early postnatal weight gain for later overweight has not been addressed so far in ODM. We investigated whether increased weight gain during the fi rst 4 months is related to later overweight in ODM. Methods: Determinants of childhood overweight and neonatal weight gain were analyzed in 152 ODM from the Kaulsdorf Cohort Study by MANOVA and regression analyses. Results: Independent of birth weight, weight gain during the fi rst 4 months was positively related to childhood relative body weight (P = 0.001). Each 100 g-increase in weight during this period increased overweight risk by 65 % (95 % CI: 10 -247 % ). ODM with rapid early weight gain had a more than six-fold increased risk of later overweight (OR: 6.77; 95 % CI: 1.36 -33.6). Early neonatal intake of breast milk from metabolically healthy mothers protected from rapid early weight gain (P = 0.03). Conclusions: Increased weight gain during the fi rst 4 months of life is a strong, independent risk factor for childhood overweight in ODM. Preventing nutritionally-induced rapid early weight gain in ODM might be a promising strategy to lower their long-term overweight risk.

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Effect of breast milk of diabetic mothers on bodyweight of the offspring in the first year of life

Cited by 25 publications

References 15 publications

Breast-Feeding and Risk for Childhood Obesity

Breast-Feeding and Risk for Childhood Obesity

Long-Term Breast-Feeding in Women With Type 1 Diabetes

Rapid neonatal weight gain increases risk of childhood overweight in offspring of diabetic mothers

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