Effect of blending procedures and reactive compatibilizers on the properties of biodegradable poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)/poly(lactic acid) blends

Wu, De Pei; Huang, Anping; Fan, Jie; Xu, Renwei; Liu, Peng; Li, Guangquan; Yang, Shiyuan

doi:10.1515/polyeng-2020-0161

Cited by 28 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Overall, the spectra of V1 to V4 do not differ significantly from that obtained for REF, suggesting only small changes in the chemical structure of PBAT/PLA within the sensitivity limit of FTIR. This is in accordance with Wu et al [ 37 ], who investigated how dicumyl peroxide (DCP) modifies the spectra of PBAT/PLA blends and found that DCP generated free radicals by thermal decomposition, initiating the formation of branching structures via hydrogen abstraction, resulting in minimal changes in the FTIR spectra.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

Process-Induced Morphology of Poly(Butylene Adipate Terephthalate)/Poly(Lactic Acid) Blown Extrusion Films Modified with Chain-Extending Cross-Linkers

et al. 2022

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Process-induced changes in the morphology of biodegradable polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT) and polylactic acid (PLA) blends modified with various multifunctional chain-extending cross-linkers (CECLs) are presented. The morphology of unmodified and modified films produced with blown film extrusion is examined in an extrusion direction (ED) and a transverse direction (TD). While FTIR analysis showed only small peak shifts indicating that the CECLs modify the molecular weight of the PBAT/PLA blend, SEM investigations of the fracture surfaces of blown extrusion films revealed their significant effect on the morphology formed during the processing. Due to the combined shear and elongation deformation during blown film extrusion, rather spherical PLA islands were partly transformed into long fibrils, which tended to decay to chains of elliptical islands if cooled slowly. The CECL introduction into the blend changed the thickness of the PLA fibrils, modified the interface adhesion, and altered the deformation behavior of the PBAT matrix from brittle to ductile. The results proved that CECLs react selectively with PBAT, PLA, and their interface. Furthermore, the reactions of CECLs with PBAT/PLA induced by the processing depended on the deformation directions (ED and TD), thus resulting in further non-uniformities of blown extrusion films.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

Process-Induced Morphology of Poly(Butylene Adipate Terephthalate)/Poly(Lactic Acid) Blown Extrusion Films Modified with Chain-Extending Cross-Linkers

et al. 2022

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“…The resulting plot points were consolidated into a linear fitted curve for lower values of the loss modulus for which the slope values were found. Theoretically, a value of 2 in the low-frequency range indicates a completely homogenous polymeric system, and lower values tend to indicate a non-homogenous mixture [ 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 ]. As seen in Figure 7 , PESU, being a homopolymer, exhibited a slope value near 2.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Open-Celled Foams from Polyethersulfone/Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Blends Using Foam Extrusion

et al. 2022

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Polyethersulfone (PESU), as both a pristine polymer and a component of a blend, can be used to obtain highly porous foams through batch foaming. However, batch foaming is limited to a small scale and is a slow process. In our study, we used foam extrusion due to its capacity for large-scale continuous production and deployed carbon dioxide (CO2) and water as physical foaming agents. PESU is a high-temperature thermoplastic polymer that requires processing temperatures of at least 320 °C. To lower the processing temperature and obtain foams with higher porosity, we produced PESU/poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) blends using material penetration. In this way, without the use of organic solvents or a compounding extruder, a partially miscible PESU/PEG blend was prepared. The thermal and rheological properties of homopolymers and blends were characterized and the CO2 sorption performance of selected blends was evaluated. By using these blends, we were able to significantly reduce the processing temperature required for the extrusion foaming process by approximately 100 °C without changing the duration of processing. This is a significant advancement that makes this process more energy-efficient and sustainable. Additionally, the effects of blend composition, nozzle temperature and foaming agent type were investigated, and we found that higher concentrations of PEG, lower nozzle temperatures, and a combination of CO2 and water as the foaming agent delivered high porosity. The optimum blend process settings provided foams with a porosity of approximately 51% and an average foam cell diameter of 5 µm, which is the lowest yet reported for extruded polymer foams according to the literature.

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“…It was highlighted in the literature that during the reactive blending process, the epoxy groups of Joncryl react with both groups of the polyesters resulting in extension and a branching reaction. Subsequently, these formed copolymer chains act as a bridge to improve the compatibility of the polymers [ 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Processing Polymer Blends of Mater-Bi® and Poly-L-(Lactic Acid) for Blown Film Application with Enhanced Mechanical Strength

et al. 2022

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Mater-Bi® is one of the most commercialized starch-based blends used in biodegradable flexible packaging. However, the high ductility and low stiffness of Mater-Bi® might limit its application and developing a solution to tailor the stiffness and mechanical strength is highly desirable. In the present work, blends based on Mater-Bi® and poly-L-(lactic acid) (PLLA) at a different ratio from 70/30 to 50/50 wt% were prepared via melt-extrusion and the effect of the PLLA content and Joncryl ADR® as a reactive compatibilizing agent, on the mechanical properties, melts rheology, morphology and disintegration aptitude were investigated. The inclusion of PLLA in Mater-Bi® has a marked beneficial effect on the tensile strength and stiffness of the blend while maintaining acceptable ductility. The addition of the reactive compatibilizing agent contributed to improving the strength and elongation at the break of the blend. The melt rheology of the blend was also affected by the ratio of the two components, mostly when the Joncryl ADR® was present. The disintegration by biodegradation of the blend was preserved in the presence of PLLA, and it takes less than 30 days for the films to completely decompose and disintegrate under controlled composting conditions. Interestingly, a thin film from Mater-Bi®/PLLA 60/40 was successfully prepared by blown film extrusion, demonstrating a good balance between stretchability (elongation at break exceeding 100%) and stiffness (1.8 GPa). This work opened to broadening the use of starch-based biodegradable plastic toward more demanding applications such as mulching films.

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Effect of blending procedures and reactive compatibilizers on the properties of biodegradable poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate)/poly(lactic acid) blends

Cited by 28 publications

References 36 publications

Process-Induced Morphology of Poly(Butylene Adipate Terephthalate)/Poly(Lactic Acid) Blown Extrusion Films Modified with Chain-Extending Cross-Linkers

Process-Induced Morphology of Poly(Butylene Adipate Terephthalate)/Poly(Lactic Acid) Blown Extrusion Films Modified with Chain-Extending Cross-Linkers

Open-Celled Foams from Polyethersulfone/Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Blends Using Foam Extrusion

Processing Polymer Blends of Mater-Bi® and Poly-L-(Lactic Acid) for Blown Film Application with Enhanced Mechanical Strength

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