Effect of Biodiesel Composition on Engine Emissions from a DDC Series 60 Diesel Engine: Final Report; Report 2 in a Series of 6

Abstract

online ordering: http://www.ntis.gov/ordering.htm Printed on paper containing at least 50% wastepaper, including 20% postconsumer waste i AcknowledgementsThe authors of this report wish to acknowledge the assistance of CIFER staff members Jim Macomber, Bruce Sater, and Greg Korthius in completion of the test work described here. The biodiesel prepared from soapstock was supplied . Thanks are also due to AG Environmental Products for donation of a drum of Soyagold soybean-oil methyl ester. Constructive criticism from Shaine Tyson of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, as well as funding from NREL is gratefully acknowledged. SummaryThe National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) is conducting an investigation of various biodiesel fuels produced from waste oils. As a part of this study, data on emissions on the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) heavy-duty transient cycle have been measured to demonstrate the sensitivity of engine emissions to biodiesel ester composition. The objective of the investigation was to determine the effect of biodiesel source material and ester molecular structure (number of double bonds and chain length) on particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides (NO x ), and certain unregulated pollutants. Testing included a series of fuels consisting of nearly pure fatty acid esters with different chain lengths and numbers of double bonds, as well as a number of fuels from practical feedstocks. A detailed analysis of the data was performed in an effort to determine how fuel chemistry and fuel properties correlate with the increase in NO x emissions observed for many biodiesels here, and in most previous studies.In total, 28 neat biodiesels and four B-20 blends (with EPA certification diesel) were tested. Seven fuels prepared from various natural feedstocks were obtained from the Institute of Gas Technology (IGT), and three of these were tested as B-20 blends. A methyl ester biodiesel prepared from soapstock was supplied by the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) and tested neat and as a B-20 blend. Twenty fuels were prepared at the Colorado School of Mines (CSM), primarily from nearly pure (or technical grade) fatty acids. Nevertheless, many of these fuels were not as pure as was originally intended because of high levels of impurities in the feedstocks. These fuels covered a very wide range of realistic feedstocks as well as systematically varying chemical properties such as fatty acid chain length and number of double bonds in the fatty acid chain. Fuels were analyzed for a wide range of properties including water and sediment, free and total glycerine, iodine number, peroxide value, acid number, cetane number, density, kinematic viscosity, gross heating value, and carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen content. The specific fatty acid esters present in the fuels were also determined by GC/MS analysis. Regulated pollutant emissions, along with certain non-regulated pollutants, were measured on a 1991 DDC Series 60 engine via the heavy-duty transient test (40 CFR Part 86 Subpart N). Emissions from bio...

Oxidative Stress, Inflammatory Biomarkers, and Toxicity in Mouse Lung and Liver after Inhalation Exposure to 100% Biodiesel or Petroleum Diesel Emissions

“…Further, marked changes in the accumulation levels of oxidative stress markers 4-HNE, GSH, protein thiols, and carbonyls were found upon B100 CE exposures as compared to D100. This is in agreement with previous studies showing increased levels of organic and unsaturated aldehyde compounds in B100 combustion products (Graboski et al, 2003;McDonald et al, 1995;Purcell et al, 1996) and the potential of aldehydes to readily attack nucleophilic centers in protein and DNA to form carbonyl-retaining adducts (Uchida et al, 1998a(Uchida et al, , 1998bBurcham and Fontaine, 2001). It is possible that the oxidative stress pathways elicited by B100 might be influenced by several factors, including but not limited to direct interaction of unsaturated aldehyde organic compounds released upon combustion, such as acrolein, 4-HNE, and others, reactive electrophiles, modified lipids/proteins, DNA adducts, and depletion/inactivation of antioxidants.…”

“…This is further corroborated by studies where elevated levels of oxidative stress, as seen upon B100 exposure, were associated with the release of IL-4/IL-10 cytokines (Ma et al, 2002), which suppress Th1 response (IFNγ, TNF-α) and trigger Th2 responses (IL-6, IL-10). Thus, the increased post combustion organic component of BD (Graboski et al, 2003), as well as the elevated oxidative stress responses upon B100 CE exposure, may serve as the basis for these differential immune effects exhibited by BD and D (Figure 3). However, more detailed studies are needed to support this hypothesis.…”

Emission reduction potential of using ethanol–biodiesel–diesel fuel blend on a heavy-duty diesel engine

“…Either cetane number, fuel density or aromatic fuel composition can influence on NO x emissions. Many studies indicate that oxygenate fuel blends could cause slight increases in NO x emissions (Ali et al, 1995;Graboski et al, 2003;Wang et al, 2000). Our results also demonstrated a few percent increase in NO x emissions at most operation conditions when the diesel engine was fueled with BE-diesel.…”

“…Many studies about the use of biodiesel fuels in diesel engines have been done and some of them have been reviewed (Graboski and McCormick, 1998;Graboski et al, 2003). Biodiesel has properties similar to those of traditional fossil diesel fuel such that it can be substituted for diesel fuel with little or no engine modification.…”

Particulate Emissions from a Stationary Engine Fueled with Ultra-Low-Sulfur Diesel and Waste-Cooking-Oil-Derived Biodiesel

“…14,15 Several studies have been conducted to assess the environmental benefits associated with the use of biodiesel as a replacement to diesel fuel. 9,[16][17][18][19][20][21][22] Most of these studies used heavy-and light-duty vehicles for their emission studies. The operation mode of stationary engines such as backup generators is distinct from that of automobiles, because they operate near steady state conditions at nearly constant rpm and load.…”