Effect of Bergamot and Laoxianghuang Polysaccharides on Gut Microbiota Derived from Patients with Hyperlipidemia: An Integrative Analysis of Microbiome and Metabolome during In Vitro Fermentation

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of bergamot polysaccharide (BP) and Laoxianghuang polysaccharides (LPs, fermented bergamot) on the microbiome and metabolome during the in vitro fermentation of gut microbiota from patients with hyperlipidemia. Results indicated that both BP and LPs were able to increase the production of acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid. However, only LPs could decrease the content of isobutyric acid and isovaleric acid, which are detrimental to gut health. A 16S rRNA analysis showed that both BP and LPs could reduce the proportion of Fusobacterium, whereas they increased the Bacteroides content in hyperlipidemia. Untargeted UPLC-MS/MS metabolomic profiling found six bio-markers that were significantly changed after BP and LPs intervention, and four of the down-regulated metabolites were long-chain fatty acids associated with vascular diseases. These findings provide new evidence that BP and LPs have the potential to regulate imbalances in the gut microbiota in patients with hyperlipidemia and ameliorate its metabolic abnormalities.

Microbial Fermentation Enhances the Effect of Black Tea on Hyperlipidemia by Mediating Bile Acid Metabolism and Remodeling Intestinal Microbes

“…Lactobacillus johnsonii is a major microbiota in the BT group, perhaps this is a potential mechanism for the hypolipidemic efficacy of BT supplementation. An increasing number of research studies has suggested that a potential mechanism for dietary intervention to alleviate hyperlipidemia is the mediated production of short-chain fatty acids [55]. In the present study, hyperlipidemic mice supplemented with EFT were significantly enriched for Mucispirillum, a microorganism that typically produces short-chain fatty acids.…”

Comparative Study on In Vitro Fermentation Characteristics of the Polysaccharides Extracted from Bergamot and Fermented Bergamot

“…Micrographs recorded the appropriate magnification to obtain clear images at an acceleration voltage of 10.0 kV. The monosaccharide composition was determined according to our previous study [11].…”

“…The results of monosaccharide compositions analysis showed that BP was composed mainly of Mannose and Rhamnose, which was characterized as mannorhamnan. However, LPs mainly consisted of Galacturonic acid and Galactose, which were characterized as polygalacturonic acid (Figure S1) [11]. like layers of varying sizes (Figure 2B).…”

“…In our previous work, bergamot polysaccharides (BP) and Laoxianghuang polysaccharides (LPs) were determined to regulate potential imbalances in the gut microbiota and metabolome in patients with hyperlipidemia; there were notably distinct structure characterizations: (1) BP consists mainly of 63.62% Mannose and 24.16% Rhamnose. (2) LPs contain main monosaccharide types such as Galacturonic acid and Galactose [11]. However, the information is limited in the relationship between the structure and effects of BP and LPs on the human gut microbiota and metabolome.…”