Effect of Bath Temperature on Surface Properties of Anodised Titanium for Biomedical Application

Abstract

Anodic oxidation is an electrochemical method to deposit ceramic coatings on the metals substrate to improve the bioactivity. This study aims to investigate the effect of bath temperature on the surface properties of anodised titanium. High-purity titanium foil was modified by anodising in mixture of β-glycerophosphate disodium salt pentahydrate (β-GP) and calcium acetate monohydrate (CA). The experiments were carried out at 350 V, 30 mA.cm-2 for 10 minutes at different bath temperature (4-100 °C). Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), glancing angle X-ray diffractometer (GAXRD) and goniometer were used to characterise the surface morphology, mineralogy and wettability of anodised titanium, respectively. The results showed that porosity and crystallinity of surface decreased as increasing of bath temperature. Interestedly, the α-tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) was deposited on the samples which anodisation at higher bath temperature (≥ 60 °C) and resulted high hydrophilicity behaviour even the surface was found relatively smooth.

Evolution of anodised titanium for implant applications

“…Huang & Liu [193] prepared TiO 2 layer on pure titanium foils in 2 M NaOH in different bath temperatures and found worm-like nanostructures after anodising at 20 C, while short nanowire-like nanostructures were formed at 40 C and 60 C. Increased temperature increased the photoelectrochemical property of titanium oxide and this was attributed to the presence of sub-oxide species from the heated alkaline electrolyte causing nanotube growth to slow and thus structure on the surface became more compact, and this resulted in higher photocurrent. Lee et al [42] revealed that higher bath temperature will inhibit the formation of porous oxide layer since it favours the reactants during the anodic oxidation. Thereby, porous oxide layer will not be formed on the titanium anodised at higher bath temperature.…”

“…Lee et al. [ 42 ] revealed that higher bath temperature will inhibit the formation of porous oxide layer since it favours the reactants during the anodic oxidation. Thereby, porous oxide layer will not be formed on the titanium anodised at higher bath temperature.…”

“…In the electrolytic oxidation process, tailoring the electrochemical parameters such as applied voltage, electrolyte composition and concentration, and current density will drive the formation of the ceramic TiO 2 layer (anodised titanium) with distinctive properties [ 39 , 40 ]. In some cases, calcium phosphate (CaP) containing compounds and titanate compounds could be incorporated or doped on the titanium surface when the substrate is anodised in CaP containing electrolytes [ 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 ]. At present, titanium-based devices doped with CaP compounds have been applied clinically for dental and orthopaedic implants [ 3 , 4 ], for instance, in intramedullary nails and rods, bone plates and screws, spine cages, and spinal surgery [ 20 ].…”

Boosted Photoactivity of Titania Nanotube Layers Doped with a Suspension of Gold Nanoparticles

“…From these applications viewpoints, the development of future nanocomposite requires the investigation of different elaboration pathway in order to promote synergetic effect between the nano compounds and to obtain a device cheaper and easier to be fabricated and handled. Titanium dioxide nanotube arrays are fabricated using anodic oxidation of titanium metal [16] [17] [18]. This electrochemical method is simple, cost effective and scalable.…”