Effect of BaO–2B2O3 sintering aid on the structural and electrical properties of high temperature piezoelectric ceramic Bi3TiNbO9

High‐performance bismuth titanate‐ferrite (Bi5Ti3FeO15) for high‐temperature piezoelectric applications

“…According to the calculated refinement results, the tilting angle ∠ α decreased slightly from 1.767 to 1.752°, whereas the rotation angles ∠ β 1 and ∠ β 2 increased from 12.566 and 9.465° to 12.609 and 9.498°, respectively, as the tungsten content was increased from 0.00 to 0.07, as listed in Table 1. The degree of structural distortion Δ is defined as follows: 33 $$$$\begin{equation}\Delta \ = \frac{{\mathrm{1}}}{Z}\ \sum \left( {\frac{{R{\mathrm{ - }}\bar{R}}}{{\bar{R}}}} \right)\end{equation}$$$$where Z is the coordination number, R is the individual bond length, and R̅ is the average bond length. As listed in Table 2, the Δ value increases with increasing tungsten substitution, demonstrating that despite the slight decrease in the tilting degree, the rotation distortion has a dominant effect on increasing the degree of lattice distortion, which plays a positive role in enhancing the piezoelectric properties as an intrinsic contribution 34 …”