Effect of Bacteriophage on the Transcriptional and Translational Expression of Inflammatory Mediators in Chicken Macrophage

Abstract

This study was designed to evaluate the effect of bacteriophage on macrophage-mediated inflammatory immune responses against intracellular pathogens. The intracellular survival of nonlysogenic, lysogenic Salmonella Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes were evaluated in chicken macrophage HD11 cells treated with Salmonella bacteriophage P22 for 24 h at 37℃. The relative expression of inflammatory mediator-related genes (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, LITAF, and iNOS) was estimated by using a qPCR. The production of inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, and NO) was determined by using ELISA kits. The numbers of invading nonlysogenic S. Typhimurium (ST), lysogenic S. Typhimurium (LY), and L. monocytogenes(LM) in HD11 cells were reduced by 0.90, 0.83, and 1.51 log units, respectively, after 1 h of infection at 37℃. The relative expression levels of inflammatory mediator-encoding genes (IL-8, IL-10, and iNOS) were increased in ST-and LM-infected chicken macrophage HD11 cells treated with P22. The level of NO production was increased to 26.8 μM at LM-infected HD11 cells treated with P22, which corresponded to the reduction of intracellular L. monocytogenes in HD11 cells. The results suggest that the bacteriophage P22 has the potential to reduce the numbers of intracellular pathogens, S. Typhimurium and L. monocytogenes. This study would provide valuable insights into the interaction between bacteriophages and macrophages and help to develop new strategies for enhancing the microbiological safety in poultry.

Antimicrobial Effect and Probiotic Potential of Phage Resistant Lactobacillus plantarum and its Interactions with Zoonotic Bacterial Pathogens

“…J1 bacteriophage was propagated in MRS broth containing host strain LP at 37 °C under aerobic condition with 5% CO 2 for 48 h. The culture was centrifuged at 3000× g for 20 min and filtered through a 0.2 μm sterilized filter. The bacteriophages were further purified following method previously described [21].…”

Major components of orange oil inhibit Staphylococcus aureus growth and biofilm formation, and alter its virulence factors

“…For expression of S. aureus virulence genes, cells were infected and treated in a similar fashion to the association and invasion assay, but scaled up to 6 ml in 25 cm 2 flasks. RNA was extracted using methods described in Ahn et al (2014), and a NanoDrop ND-1000 was used to measure the concentration of the extracted RNA. One microgram of RNA was used to create cDNA using the instructions provided in the Verso cDNA Synthesis kit (Thermo Scientific).…”

“…One microgram of RNA was used to create cDNA using the instructions provided in the Verso cDNA Synthesis kit (Thermo Scientific). All quantitative PCR used the methods described in Ahn et al (2014) and Salaheen et al (2014b), except that cDNA was diluted 10-fold. The virulence genes measured were agrA, sodA, sirA, hla, hlb, spa, sbi, sae, sarA, sarR, sarS and sigB, and the reference gene used was the 16S rRNA gene.…”

Metabolites produced during the growth of probiotics in cocoa supplementation and the limited role of cocoa in host-enteric bacterial pathogen interactions

“…Among these pathogens, EHEC, Salmonella, and Listeria have drawn the most attention (CDC, 2013;Cummings et al, 2012;Dussurget, 2008;Teunis, Ogden, & Strachan, 2008). The human-enteric bacterial pathogens interaction and their infection process is usually initiated by intestinal epithelial cell adhesion and following by cell invasion through site-specific ligands (Ahn, Kim, Jung, & Biswas, 2014). Infections with these foodborne enteric pathogens and their severity are also highly influenced by normal gut microbiota, and the immunity of the host.…”