Effect of Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict on Magnitude of Startle: Reduced Fear during Conflict

Allan, Mary J.; Armus, Harvard L.

doi:10.2466/pr0.1983.53.1.43

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 15 publications

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“…In fact no association between the level of environmental exposure and the extent of allergen-induced proliferation could be found [44]. The exposure is also not related to an increased sensitization [45]. The mechanism to acquire tolerance is not clear yet but regarding our mRNA data we can say that it cannot be explained due to TGF-β or IL-10 related effects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 58%

Cord Blood Derived CD4+CD25high T Cells Become Functional Regulatory T Cells upon Antigen Encounter

et al. 2012

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Background: Upon antigen exposure, cord blood derived T cells respond to ubiquitous environmental antigens by high proliferation. To date it remains unclear whether these “excessive” responses relate to different regulatory properties of the putative T regulatory cell (Treg) compartment or even expansion of the Treg compartment itself.Methods: Cord blood (>37 week of gestation) and peripheral blood (healthy controls) were obtained and different Treg cell subsets were isolated. The suppressive potential of Treg populations after antigen exposure was evaluated via functional inhibition assays ([3H]thymidine incorporation assay and CFSE staining) with or without allergen stimulation. The frequency and markers of CD4+CD25highFoxP3+ T cells were characterized by mRNA analysis and flow cytometry.Results: Cord blood derived CD4+CD25high cells did not show substantial suppressor capacity upon TCR activation, in contrast to CD4+CD25high cells freshly purified from adult blood. This could not be explained by a lower frequency of FoxP3+CD4+CD25highcells or FOXP3 mRNA expression. However, after antigen-specific stimulation in vitro, these cells showed strong proliferation and expansion and gained potent suppressive properties. The efficiency of their suppressive capacity can be enhanced in the presence of endotoxins. If T-cells were sorted according to their CD127 expression, a tiny subset of Treg cells (CD4+CD25+CD127low) is highly suppressive even without prior antigen exposure.Conclusion: Cord blood harbors a very small subset of CD4+CD25high Treg cells that requires antigen-stimulation to show expansion and become functional suppressive Tregs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 58%

Cord Blood Derived CD4+CD25high T Cells Become Functional Regulatory T Cells upon Antigen Encounter

et al. 2012

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Startle and Reward-Based Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict

Armus

1986

Psychol Rep

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Using 30 male rats in a within-subjects design, the hypothesis was tested that avoidance-avoidance conflict based on the omission of food reward in a two-choice discrimination task would result in a more intense acoustic startle reaction than would the absence of such conflict. To maintain a high level of conflict, training days were interspersed between test days. Data showed no differences between conflict and nonconflict conditions.

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Effect of Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict on Magnitude of Startle: Reduced Fear during Conflict

Cited by 2 publications

References 15 publications

Cord Blood Derived CD4+CD25high T Cells Become Functional Regulatory T Cells upon Antigen Encounter

Cord Blood Derived CD4+CD25high T Cells Become Functional Regulatory T Cells upon Antigen Encounter

Startle and Reward-Based Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict

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