“…Nevertheless, the grain sizes measured in the samples obtained in the hybrid process were smaller than those reported earlier when processing only by HPT and the microstructures were also more uniform along the sample diameter [11,30]. It is apparent from Table 2 that the aluminium 5483 alloy processed by a hybrid technique has a significantly larger fraction of HAGBs by comparison with the alloy processed only by HPT.…”
Section: The Significance Of Hybrid Processing On the Evolution Of MImentioning
confidence: 66%
“…The grain size measurements showed that the average grain size at the edge was reduced to ~150 nm after only 1/4 turn and further straining led to additional grain refinement such that after 10 revolutions the grain size was measured as ~60 nm. It should be noted that the average grain size for the samples processed only by HPT was on average ~10-20% larger than when processing using the hybrid technique [11,30].…”
Section: Microstructure Characteristics After He and He+hptmentioning
confidence: 91%
“…5. All Hv measurements were taken on polished planes in the mid-sections of the disks to avoid any influence of a gradation of hardness through the thickness [9][10][11]30,36,37]. The plot also shows the microhardness distribution for samples in the as-received condition and after HE to a diameter of 10 mm.…”
Section: 2microhardness After He and He+hptmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…A number of SPD methods were developed, such as high-pressure torsion (HPT) [3], equalchannel angular pressing (ECAP) [4], accumulative roll bonding (ARB) [5] and hydrostatic extrusion (HE) [6]. Among these methods, HPT is regarded as the most promising in terms of producing structures with the smallest grain sizes in various metallic materials [7][8][9][10][11][12] and the highest fraction of grain boundaries (GB) having high angles of misorientation [13]. In practice, HPT is ideal for achieving UFG and NC structures because of its ability to generate extremely high strains.…”
An investigation was conducted to examine the microstructure and mechanical properties of an Al-5483 aluminium alloy subjected to a hybrid severe plastic deformation (SPD) process consisting of hydrostatic extrusion (HE) followed by high-pressure torsion (HPT) for up to 10 revolutions. The results are compared with those for samples processed separately by HE or by HPT. Microhardness measurements were taken on cross-sectional planes of the HE billets and on the HPT disks and in addition the microstructures were examined using transmission electron microscopy. The results demonstrate that the hybrid process of HE+HPT induces additional grain refinement when compared with HPT with average grain sizes of ~60 and 90 nm, respectively. Also, a significantly higher fraction of high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs) was present after HE+HPT and the beneficial role of HE pre-processing was also apparent in the microhardness measurements. After the hybrid process, the microhardness saturated at Hv ≈ 255 which is higher than after either HPT (Hv ≈ 235) or HE (Hv ≈ 160). A linear Hall-Petch relationship was maintained for coarse-grained and SPDprocessed samples with high fractions of HAGBs (above 70%) while samples with higher fractions of low-angle grain boundaries showed a significant deviation from linearity.
“…Nevertheless, the grain sizes measured in the samples obtained in the hybrid process were smaller than those reported earlier when processing only by HPT and the microstructures were also more uniform along the sample diameter [11,30]. It is apparent from Table 2 that the aluminium 5483 alloy processed by a hybrid technique has a significantly larger fraction of HAGBs by comparison with the alloy processed only by HPT.…”
Section: The Significance Of Hybrid Processing On the Evolution Of MImentioning
confidence: 66%
“…The grain size measurements showed that the average grain size at the edge was reduced to ~150 nm after only 1/4 turn and further straining led to additional grain refinement such that after 10 revolutions the grain size was measured as ~60 nm. It should be noted that the average grain size for the samples processed only by HPT was on average ~10-20% larger than when processing using the hybrid technique [11,30].…”
Section: Microstructure Characteristics After He and He+hptmentioning
confidence: 91%
“…5. All Hv measurements were taken on polished planes in the mid-sections of the disks to avoid any influence of a gradation of hardness through the thickness [9][10][11]30,36,37]. The plot also shows the microhardness distribution for samples in the as-received condition and after HE to a diameter of 10 mm.…”
Section: 2microhardness After He and He+hptmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…A number of SPD methods were developed, such as high-pressure torsion (HPT) [3], equalchannel angular pressing (ECAP) [4], accumulative roll bonding (ARB) [5] and hydrostatic extrusion (HE) [6]. Among these methods, HPT is regarded as the most promising in terms of producing structures with the smallest grain sizes in various metallic materials [7][8][9][10][11][12] and the highest fraction of grain boundaries (GB) having high angles of misorientation [13]. In practice, HPT is ideal for achieving UFG and NC structures because of its ability to generate extremely high strains.…”
An investigation was conducted to examine the microstructure and mechanical properties of an Al-5483 aluminium alloy subjected to a hybrid severe plastic deformation (SPD) process consisting of hydrostatic extrusion (HE) followed by high-pressure torsion (HPT) for up to 10 revolutions. The results are compared with those for samples processed separately by HE or by HPT. Microhardness measurements were taken on cross-sectional planes of the HE billets and on the HPT disks and in addition the microstructures were examined using transmission electron microscopy. The results demonstrate that the hybrid process of HE+HPT induces additional grain refinement when compared with HPT with average grain sizes of ~60 and 90 nm, respectively. Also, a significantly higher fraction of high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs) was present after HE+HPT and the beneficial role of HE pre-processing was also apparent in the microhardness measurements. After the hybrid process, the microhardness saturated at Hv ≈ 255 which is higher than after either HPT (Hv ≈ 235) or HE (Hv ≈ 160). A linear Hall-Petch relationship was maintained for coarse-grained and SPDprocessed samples with high fractions of HAGBs (above 70%) while samples with higher fractions of low-angle grain boundaries showed a significant deviation from linearity.
“…The character of the UFG structures depends on: i) homologous temperature, ii) solid solution alloying, iii) second phase particles, iv) value of the stacking fault energy (SFE), and additionally v) strain path effect on structure formation [7÷9]. The most known severe plastic deformation processing methods such as: high pressure torsion (HPT) [10], equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) [11], multi-directional forging (MF) [12] or hydroextrusion (HE) [13,14] belong to techniques with constant strain path (frequently named as monotonic deformation techniques). During monotonic deformation the directional features of the microstructure have been observed in [13,15,16].…”
COT (compression with oscillatory torsion) is a simple process that has the ability to deform bulk metallic samples. Performed investigations show that this method of deformation leads to grain refinement of Cu-Cr and Cu-Fe alloys. The grain size obtained via the dislocation subdivision mechanism associated with generation of non-equilibrum grain boundaries is in the UFG range. Large fraction of grain boundaries have low angles of misorientation. The limitation of the grain refinement and creation of low angles boundaries can be attributed to the extensive dynamic recovery. However, recrystallization process and deformation twinning plays a crucial role in grain refinement resulting in grain refinement to the nanoscale. The present overview shows that many structural elements accompanying formation UGF structure influence on understanding of the microstructure-properties relationship in these materials.
An Al-0.1% Mg alloy is processed by high-pressure torsion (HPT) at room temperature. The Al-0.1% Mg alloy displays strain-softening phenomenon through hardness evolution: the hardness values in the disc center area are higher than at the disc edge area after 1/2, 1, and 3 turns, and the size of the hard region in the disc center gradually reduces as the number of turns increases from 1/2 to 3 turns. The hardness values evolve toward homogeneity along the disc diameters after 5 and 10 turns. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and X-ray line profile analysis suggest that the lower hardness values at the disc edge area in the Al-0.1% Mg alloy are related to a recovery/recrystallization mechanism where the material is subjected to heavy straining.
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