Effect of antimony on premature capacity loss of lead/acid batteries

Traditional Float Charges: are They Suited to Stationary Antimony-free Lead Acid Batteries?

“…Corrosion is the cause of different failure modes (Pavlov, 1993, Shiomi et al, 2003, Kosai et al, 1997, Peters, 1996, Ruetschi, 2004, Garche, 1995, Wagner, 1995, Misra and Williamson, 1995, Willihnganz, 1968:  The oxides, corrosion products, take more volume than the metallic grid. The result is an expansion of the positive grid into three dimensions, in particular into the dimension of each bar of the grid.…”

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and Determination of the Internal Resistance as a Way to Estimate Lead-Acid Batteries Condition

“…This phenomenon is more frequently studied in a relation to stationary batteries because of their assumed long-term operating time (sometimes over 10 years). The PCL effect is relatively common in the VRLA batteries of AGM type [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. Currently, the problem has been reduced, but as a consequence, very often that the batteries have to be exchanged more frequently, especially in key role systems.…”

Reduced Graphene Oxide Supported Antimony Species for High-Performance Supercapacitor Electrodes

“…While for Pb-Sb alloys in sulfuric acid solution formation of antimony complexes of the type Sb 3 O 9 3− is observed that have a beneficial effect on the capacitance of electrodes. It is well known that antimony corrodes easily but results [5] suggest that the antimonycontaining corrosion layer discharges with difficulty, and thus the active material discharges more readily than the corrosion layer and a passivation layer does not form at the grid/active material interface. So it appears that addition of antimony to the active material of electrode effectively retards capacitance loss.…”