This paper presents
a comparative study of the toxicity of pristine-ZnO
and l-histidine-incorporated ZnO toward Escherichia
coli (E. coli) as a
Gram-negative model organism. Pristine-ZnO and l-histidine-incorporated
ZnO with different l-histidine concentrations were synthesized
using an open aqueous solution bath technique. XRD studies revealed
the formation of polycrystalline wurtzite ZnO. The average crystallite
size of the synthesized l-histidine-incorporated ZnO decreased
as the concentration of l-histidine increased. The FTIR spectra
showed the presence of Zn–O, CO2
–/CO3
–, and C–N (only in l-histidine-incorporated ZnO samples) and −OH bond vibration
signals in all samples. The chemical purity of all the samples was
ensured using XPS analysis. The microbial activity of these samples
was investigated using E. coli. The
solution with 100 μg/mL ZnO in sterile distilled water showed
up to 94% growth inhibition of E. coli, establishing antibacterial activity. However, l-histidine
incorporated in ZnO showed reduced antibacterial activity with the
increase of the concentration of l-histidine in ZnO. Furthermore,
flow cytometry studies during the interaction of ZnO and E. coli confirmed the generation of reactive oxygen
species (ROS), validating its antibacterial activity. The interaction
of l-histidine-incorporated ZnO and E. coli showed declining ROS with the increase in the l-histidine
concentration, indicating a ZnO toxicity reduction.