Effect of annealing on the electrical and magnetic properties of electrodeposited Ni and permalloy nanowires

Dost, R.; Yinqing, Zhou; Zhang, H.; Allwood, D. A.; Inkson, Beverley J.

doi:10.1016/j.jmmm.2019.166276

Cited by 12 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…In particular, Tóth et al 52 investigated the effect of annealing at 300 °C for 1 h on the grain size of nanocrystalline CoNi alloys and found an increase from 10 to 40 nm for low Co contents. The experiment that is most similar to the present study was performed by Dost et al 63 , where annealing of 275 nmdiameter Ni nanowires at 650 °C for 1 h increased the grain size from 8 to 160 nm. TEM imaging also revealed that after annealing grains often occupied the entire diameter of the wire.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 77%

A material view on extrinsic magnetic domain wall pinning in cylindrical CoNi nanowires

Schöbitz¹,

Novotny²,

Trapp³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Speed and reliability of magnetic domain wall (DW) motion are key parameters that must be controlled to realize the full potential of DW-based magnetic devices for logic and memory applications. A major hindrance to this is extrinsic DW pinning at specific sites related to shape and material defects, which may be present even if the sample synthesis is well controlled. Understanding the origin of DW pinning and reducing it is especially desirable in electrochemically-deposited cylindrical magnetic nanowires (NWs), for which measurements of the fascinating physics predicted by theoretical computation have been inhibited by significant pinning. We experimentally investigate DW pinning in CoxNi100−x NWs, by applying quasistatic magnetic fields. Wire compositions were varied with x = 20, 30, 40, while the microstructure was changed by annealing or varying the pH of the electrolyte for deposition. We conclude that pinning due to grain boundaries is the dominant mechanism, decreasing inversely with both the spontaneous magnetization and grain size. Second-order effects include inhomogeneities in lattice strain and the residual magnetocrystalline anisotropy. Surface roughness, dislocations and impurities are not expected to play a significant role in DW pinning in these wire samples.

show abstract

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 77%

A material view on extrinsic magnetic domain wall pinning in cylindrical CoNi nanowires

Schöbitz¹,

Novotny²,

Trapp³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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show abstract

“…This could be explained by an uneven height distribution of the nanowires during the growth with some nanowires being taller than others. Microscopy techniques, such as SEM, have been widely used to study the morphology of nanowires deposited into nanoporous alumina templates (31)(32)(33)(34). Even if destructive preparation is required, such as focused ion beam milling, it is a very useful method for visualization of the nanowires inside of the template.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Microscopy techniques, such as SEM, have been widely used to study the morphology of nanowires deposited into nanoporous alumina templates [39][40][41][42]. Even if destructive preparation is required, such as focused ion beam milling, it is a very useful method for visualization of the nanowires inside of the template.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Exactly how the confinement of the nanoporous template affects the growth, strain, and grain size of such metal nanowires is not very well understood. Often metal nanowires grown in nanoporous templates are characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) after the dissolution of the nanoporous template [13,[35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42]. Altering the surrounding of the nanowires, in this way, may influence the strain state of the nanowires.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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In situ scanning x-ray diffraction reveals strain variations in electrochemically grown nanowires

Larsson

Abbondanza

Rämisch

et al. 2021

J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.

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Templated electrochemical growth in nanoporous alumina can be used to fabricate nanowires with applications in magnetic storage devices, hydrogen sensors, and electrocatalysis. It is known that nanowires, grown in such templates, are strained. The strain in nanoscale materials can influence their performance in applications such as catalysts and electronic devices. However, it is not well established how the nanoporous template affects the lattice strain in the nanowires and how this develops during the growth process due to the lack of non-destructive in situ studies with spatial resolution. Here we have measured the strain and grain size of palladium nanowires in nanoporous templates during the growth process. For this we performed in situ scanning x-ray diffraction with a submicron focused x-ray beam. We found that there is a tensile strain in the nanowires and that it is more pronounced along the growth direction than in the confined direction of the templates. The tensile strain measured in situ is higher than previous ex situ reports, possibly due to hydrogen absorption during the growth. With the spatial information made possible with the focused synchrotron x-ray beam we could observe local variations in strain as a function of height. A region of local strain variation is found near the bottom of the nanowires where growth is initiated in branches at the pore bottoms. Knowledge of how nanoporous templates influence the strain of the nanowires may allow for atomic scale tailoring of the catalytic activity of such nanowires or minimizing strain to optimize electronic device performance.

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“…In particular, Tóth et al investigated the effect of annealing at 300 °C for 1 h on the grain size of nanocrystalline CoNi alloys and found an increase from 10 to 40 nm for low Co contents. The experiment that is most similar to this study was performed by Dost et al, where annealing of 275 nm diameter Ni NWs at 650 °C for 1 h increased the grain size from 8 to 160 nm. TEM imaging also revealed that after annealing grains often occupied the entire diameter of the wire.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Material View on Extrinsic Magnetic Domain Wall Pinning in Cylindrical CoNi Nanowires

et al. 2023

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Speed and reliability of magnetic domain wall (DW) motion are key parameters that must be controlled to realize the full potential of DW-based magnetic devices for logic and memory applications. A major hindrance to this is extrinsic DW pinning at specific sites related to shape and material defects, which may be present even if the sample synthesis is well controlled. Understanding the origin of DW pinning and reducing it are especially desirable in electrochemically deposited cylindrical magnetic nanowires (NWs), for which measurements of the fascinating physics predicted by theoretical computation have been inhibited by significant pinning. We experimentally investigate DW pinning in Co x Ni100–x NWs by applying quasi-static magnetic fields. Wire compositions were varied with x = 20, 30, and 40, while the microstructure was changed by annealing or by varying the pH of the electrolyte for deposition. We conclude that pinning due to grain boundaries is the dominant mechanism, decreasing inversely with both the spontaneous magnetization and grain size. Second-order effects include inhomogeneities in lattice strain and the residual magnetocrystalline anisotropy. Surface roughness, dislocations, and impurities are not expected to play a significant role in DW pinning in these wire samples.

show abstract

Effect of annealing on the electrical and magnetic properties of electrodeposited Ni and permalloy nanowires

Cited by 12 publications

References 27 publications

A material view on extrinsic magnetic domain wall pinning in cylindrical CoNi nanowires

A material view on extrinsic magnetic domain wall pinning in cylindrical CoNi nanowires

In situ scanning x-ray diffraction reveals strain variations in electrochemically grown nanowires

A Material View on Extrinsic Magnetic Domain Wall Pinning in Cylindrical CoNi Nanowires

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