Effect of an electronic nicotine delivery device (e cigarette) on desire to smoke and withdrawal, user preferences and nicotine delivery: randomised cross-over trial

Bullen, Chris; McRobbie, Hayden; Thornley, Simon; Glover, Marewa; Lin, Ruey-Bin; Laugesen, Murray

doi:10.1136/tc.2009.031567

Cited by 453 publications

(448 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The highly significant reduction in desire to smoke, despite the fact that participants were unable to accurately detect on which occasion they had received nicotine, is consistent with previous studies that the nicotine e-cigarette is capable of reducing tobacco craving in abstinent smokers (Bullen et al 2010;Dawkins et al 2012;Vansickel et al 2010). Total MPSS scores were also significantly lower in the nicotine versus the placebo condition consistent with an attenuating effect of the nicotine e-cigarette on tobacco-related withdrawal symptoms.…”

supporting

confidence: 86%

“…The experimenter then introduced the participant to the e-cigarette explaining and demonstrating how to use it before allowing the participant to use it ad libitum for ten minutes. Participants were then asked to wait for 15 minutes (to allow time for the nicotine to reach maximum plasma concentration; Bullen et al 2010;Vansickle and Eissenberg 2012) during which time they completed basic demographic information and the FTND (time 1 only). After 15 minutes, participants then completed the MPSS and desire to smoke scales followed by the CAMPROMPT.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…E-cigarettes have been observed to reduce craving/desire to smoke in naive 6 users (Bullen et al 2010;Dawkins et al 2012;Vansickel et al 2010) but in some cases, this was also found with the placebo (0mg nicotine) e-cigarette (Dawkins et al 2012). Likewise, alleviation of withdrawal symptoms did not always differ between placebo and nicotine ecigarette conditions (Bullen et al 2010;Dawkins et al 2012). Dawkins et al (2012) observed a significant reduction in anxiety, poor concentration, irritability and restlessness with nicotine versus placebo e-cigarette but this was only in males.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Reports regarding delivery to the blood stream are inconsistent; three human studies reported very low blood nicotine levels in naive users (Bullen et al 2010;Eissenberg 2010;Vansickel et al 2010) whilst significant increases in salivary cotinine (a nicotine metabolite; Etter and Bullen 2011b) and blood nicotine levels (Vansickel and Eissenberg 2012) have been shown in regular users. E-cigarettes have been observed to reduce craving/desire to smoke in naive 6 users (Bullen et al 2010;Dawkins et al 2012;Vansickel et al 2010) but in some cases, this was also found with the placebo (0mg nicotine) e-cigarette (Dawkins et al 2012). Likewise, alleviation of withdrawal symptoms did not always differ between placebo and nicotine ecigarette conditions (Bullen et al 2010;Dawkins et al 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nicotine derived from the electronic cigarette improves time-based prospective memory in abstinent smokers

2013

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Rationale: It is well-established that nicotine improves, and deprivation impairs, cognitive performance and mood in smokers. Prospective memory (PM), remembering to execute a delayed intention at a given time point, is under-explored in smokers. Whilst a handful of studies have shown improved PM with nicotine, effects of nicotine delivered via the electronic cigarette have not been investigated.Objective: This study explores whether, by comparison with placebo, nicotine delivered via the e-cigarette can improve PM, tobacco withdrawal symptoms and desire to smoke in abstinent smokers.Methods: Twenty smokers, abstinent for 8-10 hours, each completed two experimental sessions under nicotine (18mg) and placebo (0mg) e-cigarette conditions. Participants completed a single-item desire to smoke scale and the Mood and Physical Symptoms Scale (MPSS). PM was measured using the Cambridge Prospective Memory Test (CAMPROMPT).Results: Compared with placebo, the nicotine e-cigarette reduced desire to smoke and tobacco withdrawal symptoms, and improved time-based but not event-based PM. There was a moderate, marginally significant negative correlation between PM performance during abstinence and nicotine dependence.Conclusions: This is the first study to show that nicotine derived via e-cigarette can improve PM in abstinent smokers suggesting efficient nicotine delivery. That the effect of nicotine was restricted to time-based rather than event-based PM is consistent with the view that nicotine acts to improve performance on strategic (effortful) rather than automatic processing. These findings add to the growing body of evidence that the e-cigarette can replace some of the effects of nicotine derived from tobacco smoking thus highlighting its potential for smoking cessation.

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supporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nicotine derived from the electronic cigarette improves time-based prospective memory in abstinent smokers

2013

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“…Few studies have explored blood nicotine delivery via the e-cigarette although two early studies reported ineffective nicotine delivery with naïve users using first generation e-cigarettes. Bullen et al (2010) observed a peak serum nicotine level of only 1.3 ng/ml in 19.6 min and Vansickel et al (2010) reported that two different brands of e-cigarettes failed to raise blood nicotine levels significantly over a 45 min period.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute electronic cigarette use: nicotine delivery and subjective effects in regular users

2013

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Rationale Electronic cigarettes are becoming increasingly popular among smokers worldwide. Commonly reported reasons for use include: to quit smoking, avoid relapse, reduce urge to smoke, or as a perceived lower risk alternative to smoking. Few studies however, have explored whether e-cigarettes deliver measurable levels of nicotine to the blood.Objective This study in experienced users explores the effect of using an 18 mg/ml nicotine first generation e-cigarette on blood nicotine, tobacco withdrawal symptoms and urge to smoke.Methods Fourteen regular e-cigarette users (3 female), abstinent from smoking and ecigarette use for 12 h, each completed a 3 h testing session. Blood was sampled and questionnaires completed (tobacco-related withdrawal symptoms, urge to smoke, positive and negative subjective effects) at four stages: baseline, 10 puffs, 60 min of ad lib use and a 60 min rest period.Results Complete sets of blood were obtained from 7 participants. Plasma nicotine concentration rose significantly from a mean of 0.74 ng/ml at baseline to 6.77 ng/ml 10 min after 10 puffs, reaching a mean maximum of 13.91 ng/ml by the end of the ad lib puffing period. Tobacco related withdrawal symptoms and urge to smoke were significantly reduced, direct positive effects were strongly endorsed and there was very low reporting of adverse effects.Conclusions These findings demonstrate reliable blood nicotine delivery after acute use of this brand/model of e-cigarette in a sample of regular users. Future studies might usefully quantify nicotine delivery in relation to inhalation technique and the relationship with successful smoking cessation/harm reduction.

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Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation and reduction

McRobbie¹,

Bullen²,

Hájek³

2012

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

146

156

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Effect of an electronic nicotine delivery device (e cigarette) on desire to smoke and withdrawal, user preferences and nicotine delivery: randomised cross-over trial

Cited by 453 publications

References 15 publications

Nicotine derived from the electronic cigarette improves time-based prospective memory in abstinent smokers

Nicotine derived from the electronic cigarette improves time-based prospective memory in abstinent smokers

Acute electronic cigarette use: nicotine delivery and subjective effects in regular users

Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation and reduction

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