Effect of an antioxidant supplement containing high dose lutein and zeaxanthin on macular pigment and skin carotenoid levels

Obana, Akira; Gohto, Yuko; Nakazawa, Risa; Moriyama, Takanobu; Gellermann, Werner; Bernstein, Paul S.

doi:10.1038/s41598-020-66962-2

Cited by 35 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 56 publications

(58 reference statements)

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“…Previous work has shown that the total carotenoid content in skin and blood is associated with macular pigment carotenoid accumulation 24 . In the current trial, goji berry intake was signi cantly associated with the skin carotenoid score, which is consistent with the recent observation by Obana et al who reported a signi cant increase in skin carotenoid levels following the intake of 20 mg of L and 4 mg of Z along with modest amounts of vitamins and minerals for 16 weeks 25 . Improvements in macular pigment optical volume and MPOD for those with a BMI < 25 kg/m 2 were also reported 25 .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…In the current trial, goji berry intake was signi cantly associated with the skin carotenoid score, which is consistent with the recent observation by Obana et al who reported a signi cant increase in skin carotenoid levels following the intake of 20 mg of L and 4 mg of Z along with modest amounts of vitamins and minerals for 16 weeks 25 . Improvements in macular pigment optical volume and MPOD for those with a BMI < 25 kg/m 2 were also reported 25 . We did not collect BMI data in the current trial, so we are unable to assess the impact of BMI on MPOD and skin carotenoid score.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

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Goji Berry Intake Increases Macular Pigment Optical Density in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Pilot Trial

Li¹,

Holt²,

Keen³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the third leading cause of blindness worldwide. Macular pigment optical density (MPOD), a biomarker for AMD, is a non-invasive measure to assess risk. The macula xanthophyll pigments lutein (L) and zeaxanthin (Z) protect against blue light and provide oxidant defense, which can be indexed by MPOD. This study examined the effects of L- and Z-rich goji berry intake on MPOD and skin carotenoids in healthy individuals. A randomized, unmasked, parallel-arm study was conducted with 27 participants, aged 45–65, who consumed either 28 g of goji berries or a supplement containing 6 mg L and 4 mg Z (LZ), five times weekly for 90 days. After 90 days, MPOD was significantly increased in the goji berry group at 0.25 and 1.75 retinal eccentricities; RE; p = 0.029 and p = 0.044, respectively), while no changes were noted in the LZ group. Skin carotenoids were significantly increased in the goji berry group at day 45 (p = 0.025) and day 90 (p = 0.006), but not in the LZ group. Regular intake of goji berries in a healthy middle-aged population increases MPOD, which may help prevent or delay the development of AMD.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Goji Berry Intake Increases Macular Pigment Optical Density in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Pilot Trial

Li¹,

Holt²,

Keen³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…Some participants had a VM score of zero. It is likely that participants with low dermal carotenoid levels also had low macular pigment levels and potentially resulting vision disorders [63,64]. Validating low scores, for example, by assessing eye function or screening for vision disorders, is therefore recommended.…”

Section: Study Limitations and Strengthsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of the Spectroscopy-Based Veggie Meter® to Objectively Assess Fruit and Vegetable Intake in Low-Income Adults

Noia

Gellermann

2021

Nutrients

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Reflection spectroscopy is an emerging approach for noninvasively assessing dermal carotenoids as a biomarker of fruit and vegetable (FV) intake. This study sought to profile and identify determinants of scores from a reflection spectroscopy device (the Veggie Meter (VM)®) among 297 urban, primarily Hispanic low-income adults served by the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). The repeatability of the scores and bi- and multivariate relationships between VM scores, self-reported FV intake measured by a brief screener, and participant characteristics were examined. The mean VM score was 270 (range 0–695); 3- and 6-month test-retest correlations were positive and strong (r = 0.79 and 0.55, respectively). VM scores were negatively associated with body mass index (BMI; r = −0.22) and were higher among participants of Ecuadorian, Dominican, and Mexican Hispanic origin relative to those of Puerto Rican origin; foreign- vs. US-born participants, breastfeeding vs. non-breastfeeding participants, nonsmokers vs. smokers, and participants who consumed three or more cups of FV/day relative to those who consumed less than three cups of FV/day. Foreign-born nativity, consumption of three or more cups of FV/day, and smaller body size were determinants of increased VM scores. Although replication studies are needed to confirm these findings, investigators working with similar populations are encouraged to use the VM to longitudinally track FV intake and to target determinants of the scores in observational and intervention studies of FV intake as measured by the VM.

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“…Known confounders, such as BMI, smoking status, and diabetes, were often not controlled for or reported on in the studies. BMI was reported in 31 studies ( 7–9 , 11 , 12 , 25–35 , 40 , 42–44 , 46–49 , 53 , 56 , 57 , 59 , 60 , 63 ), smoking status was reported in 26 studies ( 8 , 9 , 12 , 25 , 27 , 29–32 , 34–36 , 40 , 42–44 , 46–50 , 54 , 59 , 60 , 63 , 64 ), and diabetes was reported in 10 studies ( 25 , 30 , 38 , 40 , 42 , 49 , 57 , 59 , 63 , 64 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Lutein/Zeaxanthin Intake on Human Macular Pigment Optical Density: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Wilson

Tharmarajah

Jia

et al. 2021

Advances in Nutrition

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Lutein, zeaxanthin, and meso-zeaxanthin are the only carotenoids found in the human macula and may have a role in visual function. These carotenoids are reported to protect the retina, and thus vision, as antioxidants and by acting as a blue light filter. Our objective was to determine a minimum concentration of lutein/zeaxanthin intake that is associated with a statistically significant and/or clinically important change in macular pigment optical density (MPOD) among adults with healthy eyes. We searched Ovid MEDLINE, CENTRAL, and the Commonwealth of Agriculture Bureau for English-language studies through to July 2020. Two reviewers screened results to identify studies that evaluated supplements or dietary sources of lutein/zeaxanthin on MPOD among adults with healthy eyes. One reviewer extracted data and assessed strength of evidence, which was confirmed by a second reviewer. Two independent reviewers assessed the risk of bias. Meta-analyses were stratified by total lutein/zeaxanthin dose. We included 46 studies (N = 3189 participants; mean age = 43 y; 42% male). There was no statistically significant change in MPOD among studies evaluating <5 mg/d of total lutein/zeaxanthin intake which primarily assessed dietary interventions for 3–6 mo (pooled mean difference, 0.02; 95% CI: –0.01 to 0.05). The pooled mean increase in MPOD was 0.04 units (95% CI: 0.02 to 0.07) among studies evaluating 5 to <20 mg/d of lutein/zeaxanthin and was 0.11 units (95% CI: 0.06 to 0.16) among studies evaluating ≥20 mg/d of lutein/zeaxanthin for 3–12 mo. MPOD increased with lutein/zeaxanthin intake, particularly at higher doses, among adults with healthy eyes. The effects of lutein/zeaxanthin intake at doses <5 mg/d or from dietary sources is less clear. Increased lutein/zeaxanthin intake can help with maintaining ocular health. Future research is needed to determine the minimum dose and duration of lutein/zeaxanthin intake that is associated with a clinically important change in MPOD or visual function.

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Effect of an antioxidant supplement containing high dose lutein and zeaxanthin on macular pigment and skin carotenoid levels

Cited by 35 publications

References 56 publications

Goji Berry Intake Increases Macular Pigment Optical Density in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Pilot Trial

Goji Berry Intake Increases Macular Pigment Optical Density in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Pilot Trial

Use of the Spectroscopy-Based Veggie Meter® to Objectively Assess Fruit and Vegetable Intake in Low-Income Adults

The Effect of Lutein/Zeaxanthin Intake on Human Macular Pigment Optical Density: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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