Effect of amino acid formulation and supplementation on nutrient mass balance in turkeys

Abstract

Nutrient mass balances were determined for turkeys fed 4 diets in a 2 × 2 factorial design to investigate the effects of diets with 100 or 110% of NRC (1994)-recommended amino acid (AA) formulation and diets containing 2 (Lys and Met) or 3 (Lys, Met, and Thr) supplemental AA. Hybrid tom turkeys were raised and monitored in 12 rooms (3 replicates/diet; 20 toms/room at hatch, culled to 16 at 21 d and then to 12 at 28 d of age). All feed and litter entering and leaving the rooms were quantified and analyzed for nutrient content. Air emissions were measured throughout the 20-wk study. The 100% NRC diets resulted in lower cumulative loss of NH(3) (by 14%) and H(2)S (by 21%) as compared with the 110% NRC diets. Reductions corresponded to lower N and S intake. Feeding the 3 supplemental AA diets resulted in lower N excretion (by 12%) and lower cumulative loss of NH(3) (by 23%) as compared with the 2 supplemental AA diets. The NH(3) emission as a percentage of N output was not significantly influenced by dietary CP (100 vs. 110% of NRC); however, the 3 supplemental AA diets resulted in less NH(3) emitted as a percentage of N output as compared with the 2 supplemental AA diets (9.9 vs. 11.8%). Across all 4 diets, N partitioning averaged 31.4, 56.9, and11.4% for retention, excretion, and air emission, respectively. The N loss estimated from the mass balance approach (9.6%) was comparable with the measured N loss as air emission (11.9%). Partitioning of P averaged 31.9 and 68.1% for retention and excretion, respectively. Partitioning of S averaged 27.5, 72.1, and 0.5% for retention, excretion, and air emission, respectively. The results illustrated the fate of N, P, and S in a turkey production system and demonstrated the potential for reducing nutrient excretion and air emissions from turkeys through diet modification of AA.

Emission of Harmful Gases from Poultry Farms and Possibilities of Their Reduction

“…The findings also demonstrate that although dietary treatments may reduce losses in the form of gaseous emissions, litter or excreta composition may not reflect the differences in gaseous losses that occur, and therefore may not serve as an indicator of the potential for reducing air emissions by using feeding methods (Liu et al, 2011).…”

“…The lower pH shifts develops more ammonium ion (NH 4 + ). The study of Liu et al (2011) showed that diets containing three supplemental amino acids resulted in lower nitrogen excretion (by 12%) and a lower cumulative loss of ammonia (by 23%) when compared with diets containing only two supplemental amino acids.…”

“…Liu et al (2011) recorded that a nutritionally balanced feed ration with decreased crude protein content led to decrease in annual NH 3 emission with no adverse effect on egg production. wrote that inclusion of high-fiber ingredients in laying hen feeds lowered NH 3 emission from the manure.…”

Nitrous oxide, ammonia and methane from Australian meat chicken houses measured under commercial operating conditions and with mitigation strategies applied

“…The results from Trial 2 showed an increase in N retention and a decrease in NH 3 emissions per bird in response to reduced dietary CP. Powers and Angel (2008) reported a 15% reduction in NH 3 emissions as a result of reducing dietary CP by 2 percentage points, and numerous studies support the trend towards reduced NH 3 from lower CP diets (Elwinger and Svensson 1996;Corzo et al 2005;Powers and Angel 2008;Liu et al 2011). Reduced NH 3 emissions result in lower indirect N 2 O emissions.…”

“…Reducing dietary crude protein (CP) has been effective in reducing NH 3 (Elwinger and Svensson 1996;Corzo et al 2005;Powers and Angel 2008;Liu et al 2011). Mitigation focussed on litter management by increasing the litter depth has shown reduced NH 3 emissions (Al Homidan et al 1997).…”