“…Common plantbased coagulants include Hibiscus sabdariffa (M. Ahmad et al, 2023;Chen et al, 2023;Hoong & Ismail, 2018;Zheng et al, 2021), Moringa oleifera (Bina et al, 2010;George et al, 2016;Khattabi Rifi et al, 2023;Mehdinejad & Bina, 2018), Nirmali seeds (Maruthi et al, 2013;Mohan, 2014;Yin, 2010), watermelon seeds (Chikomo & Manyuchi, 2016;Joaquin et al, 2022;Kukwa et al, 2017;I. M. Muhammad et al, 2015), and cactus species (Choudhary et al, 2019;Deshmukh et al, 2018;Rachdi et al, 2017;RISS et al, 2022;Shilpa et al, 2012). While effective in water and wastewater treatment, their industrial application is limited by processing costs and performance consistency (Nimesha et al, 2022).…”