Effect of Alkyl Phenols on the Storage and Manifold Stability of Gasolines

Nixon, A. C.; Minor, H.; Calhoun, George M.

doi:10.1021/ie50562a035

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Phenol itself is not a desirable fuel component, and its content in synthetic fuel must be limited to avoid elastomer compatibility problems. However, the alkylphenols afford different degrees of oxidation stability to fuel, depending on the nature and degree of their alkyl-substitution. − Alkylphenols are also used for the preparation of detergents with antioxidant properties found in fuel and lubricant additive packages . It is consequently desirable to remove phenol from syncrude but to retain the longer-chain alkylphenols that have beneficial fuel properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenol Alkylation with 1-Octene on Solid Acid Catalysts

Klerk

Nel

2007

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenol Alkylation with 1-Octene on Solid Acid Catalysts

Klerk

Nel

2007

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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“…The hindered phenols are commonly used antioxidants, and many of the hindered alkyl phenols display good antioxidant properties [99][100][101]. The hindered phenols are commonly used antioxidants, and many of the hindered alkyl phenols display good antioxidant properties [99][100][101].…”

Section: Aromatic Alkylationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Refining Technology Selection

Klerk

2011

Fischer‐Tropsch Refining

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“…[10][11][12] (10) (11) (12) Most polymer degradation caused by the absorption of uv light results from radical-initiated autoxidation.…”

Section: Mechanism Of Uninhibited Autoxidationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The effect substitution on the phenolic ring has on activity has been the subject of several studies (11)(12)(13). Hindering the phenolic hydroxyl group with at least one bulky alkyl group in the ortho position appears necessary for high antioxidant activity.…”

Section: Radical Scavengersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antioxidants

Dexter¹,

Thomas²,

King³

2002

Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology

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Antioxidants are used to retard the reaction of organic materials with atmospheric oxygen. Such reactions can cause degradation of the properties of the polymer, loss of flavor and development of rancidity in foods, and a change in lubricants. The need for antioxidants depends on the chemical composition of the substrate and the conditions of exposure. High concentrations of antioxidants, ie 0.5–2% based on the weight of the polymer, are used to stabilize polymers, such as natural rubber and polyunsaturated oils. Saturated polymers have greater oxidative stability and require relatively low concentrations of stabilizers, ie 0.01–0.05% based on the weight of the polymer. The mechanism by which an organic material undergoes autoxidation involves a free‐radical chain reaction. Thermally induced homolytic decomposition of peroxides and hydroperoxides to free radicals increases the rate of oxidation. Decomposition to nonradical species removes hydroperoxides as potential sources of oxidation initiators. The selection of an antioxidant or system of antioxidants is dependent upon the polymer and the anticipated end use. Low concentrations of antioxidants (<0.01%) are added to polyethylene and polypropylene after synthesis and prior to isolation so as to retard oxidation of the polymers exposed to air. Polyunsaturated elastomers are sensitive to oxidation. Antioxidants are added to the elastomers prior to vulcanization to protect the rubber during drying and storage. The oxidation of food containing fats and oils results in a loss of sensory appeal and eventually rancidness. FDA regulations covering the use of direct food additives are stringent and few new materials have been regulated. The most commonly used materials are butylated hydroxytoluene n ‐propyl gallate, α‐tocopherol, and butylated hydroxyanisole. A number of antioxidants have been accepted by the FDA as indirect additives for polymers used in food applications.

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Effect of Alkyl Phenols on the Storage and Manifold Stability of Gasolines

Abstract: Effect of Alkyl Phenols on Storage and Manifold Stability of Gasolines _L HE use of additives in motor gasolines has been increasing at an accelerating pace since the first petrol was distilled from crude shell stills to satisfy the needs of turn-of-the-century gas buggies.

Cited by 11 publications

References 4 publications

Phenol Alkylation with 1-Octene on Solid Acid Catalysts

Phenol Alkylation with 1-Octene on Solid Acid Catalysts

Refining Technology Selection

Antioxidants

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