A series of VO x /CeO 2 catalysts with various sodium loadings (Na/V ratio from 0 to 1) have been studied for oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of methanol. The effect of sodium on the surface structure, redox properties, and surface acidity/basicity of VO x /CeO 2 was investigated using hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction (H 2 -TPR), Raman spectroscopy, and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS). The experimental results indicate that the effect of sodium on VO x /CeO 2 is highly dependent on the Na/V ratio. At a low Na/V ratio (Na/V < 0.25), sodium addition only slightly decreases the redox ability of VO x /CeO 2 and has little effect on its activity and selectivity to formaldehyde, even though the Bronsted acidity is almost completely eliminated at a Na/V ratio of 0.25. At a high Na/V ratio (Na/V > 0.25), sodium addition greatly alters the nature of the active sites by V−O−Ce bond cleavage and V−O−Na bond formation, leading to significantly reduced activity of the VO x / CeO 2 catalysts. At Na/V > 0.25, the selectivity to formaldehyde also decreases with increasing Na/V ratio due to (1) the suppressed reducibility of VO x and (2) increased basicity leading to increased CO 2 .