“…The coke used in the sample is ~93.3 wt% C according to x-ray fluorescence (XRF), with 3.1 wt% O, 1.1 wt% Si, 0.8 wt% Al, 0.6 wt% Fe, 0.4 wt% S, 0.3 wt% Ca, 0.1 wt% Mg and 0.1 wt% Ti, with trace amounts of P, Na, Cl, Ba, Sr, Mn, Cr, Ru and Ni. The mechanisms of foam expansion and collapse are determined by the quantity of gas evolution, the temperature of gas evolution and the viscosity of the melt at the temperatures of gas evolution [6,37,38]. The secondary foam, caused by SO 2 and O 2 evolution is less significant than the residual CO 2 contributing to the primary foam for most feeds.…”