“…Additionally, low-rise rural areas are converted into high-rise urban structures, leading to the substitution of agricultural activities in rural regions with industrial and commercial activities in urban areas [1]. As land use patterns rapidly evolve due to urbanization in developing countries, urban sprawl, as it is often referred to, has been associated with pollution, excessive energy consumption, congested roads, and a decline in community and environmental health [2]. The global deterioration of air quality has become a major threat to both human health and the environment due to the effects of urbanization, industrialization, and increased transportation usage.…”