“…It is seen that the shape recovery ratio of the Cu 72 Al 26.5 Nb 1.5 alloy can be divided into two stages. At the first stage of aging treatment, the shape recovery ratio decreases dramatically when the aging time increases up to 5 h, and then becomes stable as the aging time further increases to 24 h. So it is reasonable to believe that the reverse martensitic transformation is suppressed by the aging treatment, termed "stabilization of martensite" [14]. This phenomenon can be attributed to the pinning effect of the interfaces between the parent phase and martensite phase as well as the interfaces between martensite variants induced by the concentration of the quenched-in vacancies occurring in aging treatment.…”
“…It is seen that the shape recovery ratio of the Cu 72 Al 26.5 Nb 1.5 alloy can be divided into two stages. At the first stage of aging treatment, the shape recovery ratio decreases dramatically when the aging time increases up to 5 h, and then becomes stable as the aging time further increases to 24 h. So it is reasonable to believe that the reverse martensitic transformation is suppressed by the aging treatment, termed "stabilization of martensite" [14]. This phenomenon can be attributed to the pinning effect of the interfaces between the parent phase and martensite phase as well as the interfaces between martensite variants induced by the concentration of the quenched-in vacancies occurring in aging treatment.…”
“…Shape memory behaviour has been observed either from the β' or β'' phase, but the high temperature MT is considered to be the most efficient for the SME [6][7][8].…”
Among the different systems for high temperature shape memory alloys (SMA’s), equiatomic RuNb and RuTa alloys demonstrate both shape memory effect (SME) and MT temperatures above 800°C. Equiatomic compounds undergo two successive martensitic transformations, β (B2) → β’ (tetragonal) → β’’ (monoclinic), whereas out of stoechiometry alloys exhibit a single transition from cubic to tetragonal. In the case of two successive martensitic transformations, we expect to have a finer microstructure of the second martensite because it is supposed to develop inside the smallest twin elements of the former one. In equiatomic Ru-based alloys, if the first martensitic transformation is “normal”, the second one gives different unexpected microstructures with, for instance, twins with a thickness which is larger than the smallest spacing between twin variants of the first martensite. In fact, the reason for this unexpected hierarchy of the twins size is that the second martensitic transformation takes place in special conditions: geometrically, elastically and crystallographically constrained.
“…Alloys with a Nb or Ta content higher than approximately 54 at.% undergo a single cubic tetragonal transformation [4,8]. Shape memory behaviour in these systems has been observed either from the β' or β'' phase, whereas only the high temperature MT is considered to be responsible for the SME [9,10].…”
Among the different systems for high temperature shape memory alloys (SMA’s), equiatomic RuNb and RuTa alloys demonstrate both shape memory effect (SME) and MT temperatures above 800°C. For both systems, it is interesting to find a way to control the transformation temperatures while keeping the shape memory effect. One way to change the transformation temperatures is to change the composition in the binary alloys; another is to add a ternary element like Fe. The eight investigated alloys show two different space groups at room temperature. The monoclinic alloys undergo two successive displacive transformations on cooling, starting from the high temperature β phase field: β (B2) à β’ (tetragonal) à β’’ (monoclinic). The tetragonal alloys exhibit a single transition from cubic to tetragonal. A multiple twinned microstructure can be found in all alloys. Transformation temperatures decrease with lower Ru content and with the addition of Fe. The β’ à β transformation seems to be the main responsible for the SME. Compression tests performed in the martensitic phase give a quantitative result of the shape memory effect. In the binary alloys, the SME decreases with decreasing Ru content, which is in accordance with the evolution of the lattice parameters of martensites. A lower SME in the ternary alloys can also be linked to the lattice parameters and seems to be quite reliable to predict the evolution of the shape memory effect.
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