Effect of age, polymicrobial disease, and maternal HIV status on treatment response and cause of severe pneumonia in South African children: a prospective descriptive study

Chronic lung disease in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected children

“…[6][7][8][9] Pre-HAART, bacterial pneumonia, pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) and tracheobronchial candidiasis were the most frequent respiratory infections, Table 1. 6,9 Bacterial Pathogens S. pneumoniae is the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia in HIV-infected children [27][28][29] HIV-infected children may also frequently develop recurrent pneumococcal infections. 27-29 S aureus including methicillinresistant strains is an increasingly important cause of pneumonia in HIV-infected children.…”

“…Other causes of community acquired bacterial pneumonia in HIVinfected children include gram negative pathogens such as K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, H. influenzae, non-typhoid salmonella and E. coli. [27][28][29][30][31] Severe, destructive, persistent or recurrent bacterial pneumonia may lead to chronic lung disease such as bronchiectasis. Although the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine has reduced efficacy in HIVinfected children compared to those who are immunocompetent, the overall burden of pneumonia prevented in HIV infected children is approximately 10-fold greater because of the higher burden of pneumococcal pneumonia in HIV infected children.…”

The aetiology of diarrhoea, pneumonia and respiratory colonization of HIV-exposed infants randomized to breast- or formula-feeding

“…55 (65) 358 (64) HIV-infected infants 87 (7) z 28 (9) 18 (21) 49 ( Table 2 Diarrhoeal pathogens identified in HIV-exposed infants, by HIV status and feeding strategy BF, breastfeeding; FF, formula feeding; ZDV, zidovudine. * Breastfeeding infants were given ZDV prophylaxis for 6 months and formula-feeding infants for 1 month.…”

“…[1][2][3] Mortality in HIV-infected and HIV-exposed but uninfected (HEU) infants is primarily caused by respiratory and diarrhoeal diseases. [4][5][6][7][8][9] However, the specific pathogens causing these infections are largely unknown because of barriers to diagnostic testing in resource-limited settings. Therefore, the contribution of the usual bacterial and viral pathogens to excess mortality in HEU is poorly described.…”

“…Furthermore, formulafeeding by HIV-infected women [to reduce the risk of mother-to-child-transmission of HIV (MTCT)] may affect the rate and aetiology of pneumonia and diarrhoea, especially in the first few months of life. [9][10][11][12][13][14][15] Therefore, this study, a clinical trial in Botswana, aimed to describe the infectious agents associated with diarrhoea and pneumonia, as well as colonization of bacterial respiratory pathogens in infants born to HIV-infected women randomised to breastfeed or formula-feed.…”