Effect of Age on the Attachment Rate of the Parasitic Stages of the Lone Star Tick, Amblyomma Americanum (Linnaeus) (Acarina: Ixodidae), in the Laboratory1

Gladney, W. J.; Drummond, R. O.; Whetstone, T. M.; Ernst, S. E.

doi:10.1093/jmedent/7.1.92

Cited by 11 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…Behavioral (Walade and Rice 1982) and morphological (Gladney et al 1970) changes that precede the tick attachment phase are well documented. To begin to elucidate molecular signaling cascades that trigger or facilitate the tick attachment phase, we attempted to identify genes that are induced or up regulated before A. americanum ticks start to penetrate host skin.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To stimulate attachment behavior, a cohort of *5 weeks old female ticks that had attained appetence, enclosed in a nylon mesh pocket, were exposed to the feeding stimuli on the host for *7 h in presence of other attached ticks. The strategy to stimulate the attachment behavior [here after referred to as attachment stimulation (AS)] was based on published studies (Gladney et al 1970;Tukahirwa 1976;Davey 1987) and laboratory observations that have shown that after molting hard ticks required a maturation period of at least 4-7 days in immatures (Gladney et al 1970;Davey 1987) and 7-21 days for adults (Gladney et al 1970), before they can attain appetence (displaying host seeking behavior), respond to feeding stimuli, attach and feed (Anderson et al 1998). Newly molted adult ticks, *0-1 day old were used as control ticks not stimulated for attachment (NAS).…”

Section: Attachment Behavior Stimulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A deeper understanding of molecular mechanisms that regulate feeding will have broader impacts on efforts to develop novel tick control methods. The tick feeding process is a sequence of behavioral changes that can be traced from newly molted ticks undergoing maturation to attain appetence (desire to feed) or becoming responsive to feeding stimuli (Anderson et al 1998;Gladney et al 1970;Tukahirwa 1976;Davey 1987), seeking and engaging the host, exploring and finding a suitable feeding site, penetrating and creating the feeding lesion and feeding to repletion (Walade and Rice 1982). There is indirect evidence that suggest that behavioral changes during the tick feeding cycle are accompanied by corresponding molecular changes that perform specialized functions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The molecular basis of the Amblyomma americanum tick attachment phase

2007

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Towards discovery of molecular signaling cascades that trigger and/or facilitate the tick attachment and formation of its feeding lesion, suppressive subtractive hybridization, high throughput sequencing and validation of differential expression by cDNA dot blot hybridization were performed on Amblyomma americanum ticks that had attained appetence and were exposed to feeding stimuli. This approach allowed for identification of 40 genes that are up regulated before ticks begin to penetrate the host skin. Based on BLAST and secondary structure homology searches as well as motif scan analyses, provisional identification was assigned to approximately 38% (15/40) of the identified genes that have been classified into 6 groups: Ligand binding (2 insulin-like growth-factor binding, lipocalin/histamine binding), immune responsive (tumor necrosis receptor associated factor 6, Microplusin-like antimicrobial), stress response proteins (Heat shock protein [HSP] 90, HSP40, 78 kDa glucose regulated protein [GRP78]), transporter polypeptides (ABC transporter and organic anion transporter polypeptide [contains Kazal-type serine proteinase inhibitor domain]) and enzymes/regulators (extracellular matrix metaloprotease inducer, chitinase), extracellular matrix-like proteins (tropoelastin, flagelliform silk protein). Sixty-two percent (25/40) of genes that did not show similarity to known proteins are classified as orphans. BLASTN homology search against the tick EST database revealed that 50% (20/40) of candidate genes are conserved in other ticks suggesting that molecular events underlying the A. americanum tick attachment phase may be conserved in other tick species. Consistent with the general assumption that genes that are up regulated in ticks before they started to penetrate host skin represented the tick's molecular preparedness to evade host defense during the attachment phase, real time RT-PCR analyses data demonstrated that the majority of the tested genes (9/11) were highly expressed during the first 24 h of feeding. Identification of genes in this study provides the framework for future studies to elucidate molecular signaling cascades that regulate early molecular events during the tick attachment phase.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Attachment Behavior Stimulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The molecular basis of the Amblyomma americanum tick attachment phase

2007

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“…A number of studies have reported observations that newly molted ticks less than 7-21 days old show a reluctance to engage the host and feed (Gladney, 1970; Tukahirwa, 1976; Davey, 1987) and they do not respond to CO 2 stimuli, which is a proxy for host breathing. In contrast they walk away from the source, indicating they are not ready to initiate feeding (Anderson et al, 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deorphanization and target validation of cross-tick species conserved novel Amblyomma americanum tick saliva protein

Mulenga

Kim

Ibelli

2013

International Journal for Parasitology

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We previously identified a cross-tick species conserved tick feeding stimuli responsive Amblyomma americanum (Aam) AV422 gene. This study demonstrates that AamAV422 belongs to a novel group of arthropod proteins that is characterized by 14 cysteine amino acid residues: C23-X7/9-C33-X23/24-C58-C8-C67X7-X75-X23-C99-X15-C115-X10-C126X24/25/33-C150C151-X7-C159-X8-X168-X23/24-C192-X9/10-C202 predicted to form seven disulfide bonds. We show that AamAV422 protein is a ubiquitously expressed protein that is injected into the host within the first 24 h of the tick attaching onto the host as revealed by western blotting analyses of recombinant (r)AamAV422, tick saliva and dissected tick organ protein extracts using antibodies to 24 h and 48 h tick saliva proteins (TSPs). Native AamAV422 is apparently involved with mediating tick anti-hemostasis and anti-complement functions in that rAamAV422 delayed plasma clotting time in a dose responsive manner by up to ~160 s, prevented platelet aggregation by up to ~16% and caused ~24% reduction in production of terminal complement complexes. Target validation analysis revealed that rAamAV422 is a potential candidate for a cocktail or multivalent tick vaccine preparation in that RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated silencing of AamAV422 mRNA caused a statistically significant (~44%) reduction in tick engorgement weights, which is proxy for amounts of ingested blood. We speculate that AamAV422 is a potential target antigen for development of the highly desired universal tick vaccine in that consistent with high conservation among ticks, antibodies to 24 h Ixodes scapularis TSPs specifically bound rAamAV422. We discuss data in this study in the context of advancing the biology of tick feeding physiology and discovery of potential target antigens for tick vaccine development.

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“…Regarding other ixodids species, Gladney et al (1970) reported that 1% of Amblyomma americanum larvae, one day after ecdysis at 28 ± 1.5°C, attached to guinea pigs, increasing to 70% when larvae were infested four days after ecdysis. Troughton and Levin (2007) reported that all life stages of Ixodes scapularis increase their feeding success to 80-96% if infestation occurs at least two weeks after ecdysis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of temperature and fasting period on the viability of free-living females of Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae) under laboratory conditions

et al. 2008

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Little is known about the effect of temperature on viability of free-living phases of the life cycle of Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) despite of its importance as vector of several pathogens. Knowledge of the effect of abiotic factors on the capacity of a given tick species to infest new hosts is important for routine experimental activities under laboratory conditions, and may be relevant to understand the transmission of pathogens. The study evaluates the viability of R. sanguineus females held at 18 +/- 1, 27 +/- 1 and 32 +/- 1 degrees C and 80 +/- 5% RH (saturation deficits of 3.0, 5.3 and 7.2 mmHg, respectively) for three fasting periods (3 and 20 days and the day when female mortality reached approximately 50% after ecdysis), under laboratory conditions. In general, the best result on viability was obtained when rabbits were infested with unfed female ticks after three or 20 fasting days at both 27 +/- 1 and 32 +/- 1 degrees C and 80 +/- 5% RH.

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Effect of Age on the Attachment Rate of the Parasitic Stages of the Lone Star Tick, Amblyomma Americanum (Linnaeus) (Acarina: Ixodidae), in the Laboratory1

Cited by 11 publications

References 0 publications

The molecular basis of the Amblyomma americanum tick attachment phase

The molecular basis of the Amblyomma americanum tick attachment phase

Deorphanization and target validation of cross-tick species conserved novel Amblyomma americanum tick saliva protein

The effect of temperature and fasting period on the viability of free-living females of Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae) under laboratory conditions

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