Effect of Age on Eag Response and Attraction of FemaleAnastrepha suspensa(Diptera: Tephritidae) to Ammonia and Carbon Dioxide

Comparison of Two Synthetic Food-Odor Lures for Captures of Feral Mexican Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Mexico and Implications Regarding Use of Irradiated Flies to Assess Lure Efficacy

“…This variability in response to baits is highlighted by similar variability in the responses of laboratorystrain flies versus wild flies (Díaz-Fleisher et al 2009;Kendra et al 2010). Similarly, Kendra et al (2005aKendra et al ( , 2009) demonstrated strong effects of physiological status (stage of ovary development) on both electroantennographic (EAG) and behavioral responses of female A. suspensa to lure volatiles. Understanding how these variables influence trap catch may help improve trap efficiency.…”

“…This difference was not observed in males, suggesting that the putrescine component is largely responsible for the female-biased attraction of the two-component lure. One explanation for the discrepancy in EAG results is that the A. suspensa assayed by Kendra et al (2005aKendra et al ( , 2005bKendra et al ( , 2009 were all laboratory-reared flies, well synchronized in development (all with stage 5 ovaries, sexually mature but pre-ovipositional; Kendra et al 2006). The current study used feral flies which were more variable in age (with ovarian development ranging from stage 5 to stage 6, ovipositional).…”

“…Jars were left for at least 24 hours at room temperature (25 °C ±1) prior to sampling to ensure that the headspace became saturated at the vapor pressure of the respective bait(s). 2-Butanone (Aldrich) was used as the standard in all tests because it elicited a strong EAG response in other Tephritidae, including Bactrocera tryoni (Hull & Cribb 2001), A. suspensa (Kendra et al 2005a), and Ceratitis capitata (Niogret et al 2011 (DAJ, unpublished data). Ammonium bicarbonate and putrescine were obtained from commercial lures (Suterra, LLC; Bend, Oregon).…”

“…Ammonium bicarbonate and putrescine were obtained from commercial lures (Suterra, LLC; Bend, Oregon). Although ammonium acetate is more commonly used in the field, we used ammonium bicarbonate for two reasons: 1) EAG response to ammonium bicarbonate has been published previously for A. suspensa (Kendra et al 2005a(Kendra et al , 2005b(Kendra et al , 2009), facilitating comparative analysis; and 2) the acetic acid liberated by ammonium acetate lures tends to interfere with electrophysiological recordings (P. E. K., unpublished data). Each antennal preparation was first standardized by addition of 20 μL 2-butanone, then subjected to a series of test injections (0.125 mL, 0.25 mL, 0.5 mL, 1.00 mL, 2.00 mL, and 4.00 mL) of the volatiles to be tested (ammonium bicarbonate, putrescine, and mixtures of ammonium bicarbonate and putrescine).…”

“…Ammonium bicarbonate lures release equimolar amounts of two potential attractants, ammonia vapor and carbon dioxide (Kendra et al 2005b); putrescine lures release a combination of putrescine and 1-pyrroline (an oxidative byproduct of putrescine, Robacker 2001). These EAG responses were compared to those obtained previously with A. suspensa populations in Florida (Kendra et al 2005a(Kendra et al , 2005b(Kendra et al , 2009. This approach will allow us to assess geographical variations in EAG responses of one species (A. suspensa populations in Florida and Puerto Rico) as well as variations between 2 closely-related species (A. obliqua and A. suspensa) that occur sympatrically in Puerto Rico.…”