Effect of Age and Glaucoma on the Detection of Darks and Lights

Zhao, Linxi; Sendek, Caroline; Davoodnia, Vandad; Lashgari, Reza; Dul, Mitchell W.; Zaidi, Qasim; Alonso, José‐Manuel

doi:10.1167/iovs.15-16753

Cited by 9 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…2A). We have previously demonstrated that humans with normal vision are faster at reporting the number of dark than light stimuli in this task (Komban et al, 2011;Zhao et al, 2015;Pons et al, 2017) and we now report the same finding for the fellow eye of amblyopic observers (Fig. 2B-D).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 84%

“…When performing the visual salience task, the fellow eye of amblyopic observers behaved similarly to the eye of a normal observer. As with normal (Komban et al, 2011;Zhao et al, 2015;Pons et al, 2017) or near-normal eyes (Fig. 3A-C), the fellow eyes of amblyopic observers revealed dark-light differences in visual salience more pronounced for reaction time than accuracy (Fig.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 64%

“…If anything, the dark-light differences were smaller for the fellow eyes of amblyopic observers than the eyes of control observers. In visual salience, the average dark-light difference was only 5% for fellow eyes, whereas it ranged between 8 and 11% for control eyes measured in our previous studies [9% in Komban et al (2011), 8% in Zhao et al (2015), 11% in Pons et al (2017)]. In grating visual acuity, the dark-light differences were also lower for fellow than control eyes (8.83 vs 18.25% for 16 cpd/200 ms gratings) but the difference did not reach significance.…”

Section: Visual Deficits In Amblyopiacontrasting

confidence: 65%

“…Amblyopia affects visual salience of light stimuli more than dark stimuli We measured visual salience for dark and light stimuli with a task that we have used extensively in the past (Komban et al, 2011;Wool et al, 2015;Zhao et al, 2015;Pons et al, 2017). In this visual task, we monocularly presented one to three light or dark squares in a binary noise background (mean luminance: 156 cd/ m 2 ) and asked participants to report as fast as possible the number of square targets ( Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Amblyopia Affects the ON Visual Pathway More than the OFF

et al. 2019

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Visual information reaches the cerebral cortex through parallel ON and OFF pathways that signal the presence of light and dark stimuli in visual scenes. We have previously demonstrated that optical blur reduces visual salience more for light than dark stimuli because it removes the high spatial frequencies from the stimulus, and low spatial frequencies drive weaker ON than OFF cortical responses. Therefore, we hypothesized that sustained optical blur during brain development should weaken ON cortical pathways more than OFF, increasing the dominance of darks in visual perception. Here we provide support for this hypothesis in humans with anisometropic amblyopia who suffered sustained optical blur early after birth in one of the eyes. In addition, we show that the dark dominance in visual perception also increases in strabismic amblyopes that have their vision to high spatial frequencies reduced by mechanisms not associated with optical blur. Together, we show that amblyopia increases visual dark dominance by 3-10 times and that the increase in dark dominance is strongly correlated with amblyopia severity. These results can be replicated with a computational model that uses greater luminance/response saturation in ON than OFF pathways and, as a consequence, reduces more ON than OFF cortical responses to stimuli with low spatial frequencies. We conclude that amblyopia affects the ON cortical pathway more than the OFF, a finding that could have implications for future amblyopia treatments.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 64%

Section: Visual Deficits In Amblyopiacontrasting

confidence: 65%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Amblyopia Affects the ON Visual Pathway More than the OFF

et al. 2019

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“…The asymmetry itself as found in healthy subjects corroborates previously shown ON-OFF asymmetry as found for multiple visual performances (Komban et al J Vis 2013;13:ARVO E-Abstract 1022). [31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38] The fact that differences between glaucoma and healthy subjects do not clearly depend on the exact stimulus parameters (as depicted by the vertical shift of the curves in Figure 3 and the absence of clear significant interactions between glaucoma and luminance in Table 2) seems to disagree with patient experience. In a recent questionnaire study, 1 we found that glaucoma patients reported disproportionately more complaints under extreme (low, high, and changing) luminance conditions compared to controls.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Retinal Contrast Gain Control and Temporal Modulation Sensitivity Across the Visual Field in Glaucoma at Photopic and Mesopic Light Conditions

João

Scanferla

Jansonius

2019

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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Citation: João CAR, Scanferla L, Jansonius NM. Retinal contrast gain control and temporal modulation sensitivity across the visual field in glaucoma at photopic and mesopic light conditions. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2019;60:4270-4276. https://doi.org/ 10.1167/iovs.19-27123 PURPOSE. Glaucoma affects many aspects of visual performance, including adaptation, and this may depend on ambient luminance. We determine the influence of glaucoma and luminance on temporal aspects of adaptation, specifically on contrast gain control and temporal modulation sensitivity (TMS).METHODS. This case-control study included 12 glaucoma patients and 25 age-similar controls (50-70 years). Threshold perimetry was performed with a minimized testing grid (fovea and four peripheral locations). Stimuli (Goldmann size III 50 ms increment/decrement) were presented on a time-varying background with sinusoidally-modulated luminance (amplitude 60%; frequency 0-30 Hz; mean background luminance, 1 and 100 cd/m 2 ). TMS (2.5-30 Hz) was measured in the same locations with a sinusoidally-modulated stimulus (Goldmann size IV, 334 ms) on a steady background (1 and 100 cd/m 2 ). RESULTS.In healthy subjects, contrast sensitivity decreased with increasing background modulation frequency and increased again at very high frequencies, indicating contrast gain control. Minimum sensitivity was located between 2.5 and 20 Hz, depending on luminance and eccentricity. In glaucoma patients, the same frequency dependency was found (P ¼ 0.12) but with an overall reduced sensitivity (P ¼ 1 3 10 À5 ), independent of luminance (P ¼ 0.20). Decrements differentiated better between glaucoma and healthy subjects than increments (P ¼ 0.004). TMS was reduced in glaucoma (P ¼ 5 3 10 À6 ) across all frequencies and luminance levels, with complete loss for high frequencies at 1 cd/m 2 .CONCLUSIONS. Contrast gain control is largely unaffected in glaucoma, suggesting intact amacrine cell function. Perimetry with decrements or a high-frequency stimulus on a lowluminance background seems best to differentiate between glaucoma and healthy subjects.

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Age-related decline in function of ON and OFF visual pathways

Hathibelagal

Prajapati

Jayagopi

et al. 2021

Preprint

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PurposeSimple psychophysical paradigm is available as a digital application in iOS devices such as iPad to measure the function of ON and OFF visual pathways. However, an age-matched normative database is not readily available. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the response of ON and OFF visual pathways as a function of age.Methods158 normal healthy adults (84 males and 74 females) whose age ranged 18-80 years participated in the study. None of them had any ocular disease (except cataract of grade II or less) and visual acuity of ≤ 20/25. Monocular testing (only one eye) was performed on the ‘EyeSpeed’ application on an iPad at 40cm distance. The targets ranged between 1 to 3 light or dark squares presented randomly in a noise background and participants responded by indicating the number of squares by touching the screen as fast as possible. The main outcome variables are reaction time, accuracy and performance index (1 / speed * accuracy).ResultsThe median reaction time was shorter (Median (IQR): 1.53s (0.49) [dark] Vs 1.76s (0.58) [light], p < 0.001) and accuracy was higher (97.21% (3.30) [dark] Vs 95.15% (5.10) [light], p < 0.001) for dark targets than the light targets. Performance index and reaction time for both target types significantly correlated with age (ρ = −0.41 to −0.43; p < 0.001).ConclusionsThis normative database will be useful to quantify disease-specific defects. More importantly, the ON pathway function can potentially serve as a surrogate for rod photoreceptor function.

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Effect of Age and Glaucoma on the Detection of Darks and Lights

Abstract: We conclude that differences in detection of darks and lights can be demonstrated over a wide range of ages, and asymmetries in dark/light detection increase with age and early stages of glaucoma.

Cited by 9 publications

References 58 publications

Amblyopia Affects the ON Visual Pathway More than the OFF

Amblyopia Affects the ON Visual Pathway More than the OFF

Retinal Contrast Gain Control and Temporal Modulation Sensitivity Across the Visual Field in Glaucoma at Photopic and Mesopic Light Conditions

Age-related decline in function of ON and OFF visual pathways

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