Effect of Aerobic Exercise on Blood Pressure: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Whelton, Seamus P.; Chin, Ashley; He, Jiang

doi:10.1161/circ.103.suppl_1.9998-97

Cited by 64 publications

(80 citation statements)

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“…We used 5% for plasma volume, 5 beats/min for resting heart rate and 0.3°C for resting core temperature, as identified from a recent meta‐analysis on HA responses (Tyler et al., 2016). Finally, a conservative approach was chosen for the SMD for blood pressure; 5 mmHg was chosen from a recent meta‐analysis highlighting a mean reduction of 4 mmHg in SBP and 3 mmHg for DBP (Whelton et al., 2002).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A crossover control study of three methods of heat acclimation on the magnitude and kinetics of adaptation

Kissling

Akerman

Campbell

et al. 2022

Experimental Physiology

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New Findings What is the central question to the study?Are primary indices of heat adaptation (e.g., expansion of plasma volume and reduction in resting core temperature) differentially affected by the three major modes of short‐term heat acclimation, that is, exercise in the heat, hot water immersion and sauna? What it the main finding and its importance?The three modes elicited typical adaptations expected with short‐term heat acclimation, but these were not significantly different between modes. This comparison has not previously been made and highlights that individuals can expect similar adaptation to heat regardless of the mode used. Abstract Heat acclimation (HA) can improve heat tolerance and cardiovascular health. The mode of HA potentially impacts the magnitude and time course of adaptations, but almost no comparative data exist. We therefore investigated adaptive responses to three common modes of HA, particularly with respect to plasma volume. Within a crossover repeated‐measures design, 13 physically active participants (five female) undertook four, 5‐day HA regimes (60 min/day) in randomised order, separated by ≥4 weeks. Rectal temperature (Tre) was clamped at neutrality via 36.6°C (thermoneutral) water immersion (TWI; i.e., control condition), or raised by 1.5°C via heat stress in 40°C water, sauna (55°C, 52% relative humidity), or exercise in humid heat (40°C, 52% relative humidity; ExH). Adaptation magnitude was assessed as the pooled response across days 4–6, while kinetics was assessed via the 6‐day time series. Plasma volume expansion was similar in all heated conditions but only higher than TWI in exercise in the heat (ExH) (by 4%, P = 0.036). Approximately two‐thirds of the expansion was attained within the initial 24 h and was moderately related to that present on day 6, regardless of HA mode (r = 0.560–0.887). Expansion was mediated by conservation of both sodium and albumin content, with little evidence for these having differential roles between modes (P = 0.706 and 0.320, respectively). Resting Tre decreased by 0.1–0.3°C in all heated conditions, and systolic blood pressure decreased by 4 mmHg, but not differentially between conditions (P ≥ 0.137). In conclusion, HA mode did not substantially affect the magnitude or rate of adaptation in key resting markers of short‐term HA.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5 mmHg was chosen from a recent meta-analysis highlighting a mean reduction of 4 mmHg in SBP and 3 mmHg for DBP (Whelton et al, 2002).…”

Section: Data and Statistical Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

A crossover control study of three methods of heat acclimation on the magnitude and kinetics of adaptation

Kissling

Akerman

Campbell

et al. 2022

Experimental Physiology

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“…The fact that the behavioral and emotional consequences of growing up in a low-SES environment or in a harsh family environment are seen early in life, coupled with the relation of these variables to risks for health disorders later in life, makes them potentially useful in understanding the links between CSES, family environment, and blood pressure. Likewise, physical inactivity, risky health behaviors, and high body mass index predict elevated blood pressure (Whelton, Chin, Xin, & He, 2002) and risk for mortality (Willcox et al, 2006). Because it is possible that health behaviors further contribute to the relation of CSES and family environment to elevated blood pressure, they were assessed in the model.…”

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confidence: 99%

Relationship of early life stress and psychological functioning to blood pressure in the CARDIA study.

et al. 2009

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Objective-Low childhood SES and a harsh early family environment have been linked with health disorders in adulthood. In this study we present a model to help explain these links and relate the model to blood pressure change over a ten-year period in the CARDIA sample.Design-Participants (N =2738) completed measures of childhood family environment, parental education, health behavior, and adult negative emotionality.Main Outcome Measures-These variables were used to predict initial systolic and diastolic blood pressure, as well as the rate of blood pressure change over ten years.Results-Structural equation modeling indicated that family environment was related to negative emotions, which in turn predicted baseline diastolic and systolic blood pressure, as well as change in systolic blood pressure. Parental education directly predicted change in systolic blood pressure. Although African-American participants had higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure and steeper increases over time, multiple group comparisons indicated that the strength of most pathways was similar across race and gender.Conclusion-Low childhood SES and harsh family environments help to explain variability in cardiovascular risk. Low SES predicted increased blood pressure over time directly, and also indirectly through associations with childhood family environment, negative emotionality, and health behavior. Keywordshealth; stress; family; SES; blood pressure; comorbidities; hypertension Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Shelley E. Taylor, Ph.D., Department of Psychology; UCLA, 1282A Franz Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095. taylors@psych.ucla.edu. Publisher's Disclaimer: The following manuscript is the final accepted manuscript. It has not been subjected to the final copyediting, fact-checking, and proofreading required for formal publication. It is not the definitive, publisher-authenticated version. The American Psychological Association and its Council of Editors disclaim any responsibility or liabilities for errors or omissions of this manuscript version, any version derived from this manuscript by NIH, or other third parties. The published version is available at www.apa.org/journals/hea NIH Public Access NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptHypertension is a serious and prevalent medical problem, with one in three U.S. adults estimated to have high blood pressure (Fields et al., 2004). Hypertension is a primary risk factor for coronary artery disease, the major cause of death in the U.S., yet nearly 90 percent of hypertension is essential, that is, of unknown origin. Hypertension is especially prevalent in African-American communities, an association that is believed to result in part from stressors related to low socioeconomic status (SES) (Bell, Adair, & Popkin, 2004).A propensity for high blood pressure can be evident at an early age. For example, Woodall and Matthews (1989) documented that boys (but not girls) from families characterized as unsupportive had strong...

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“…Exercise activates lipoprotein lipase, promotes the breakdown and use of TGs, and inhibits the degree of decrease in vascular endothelial function. In addition, participation in regular leisure-time physical activities, such as exercise, improves vascular endothelial function [ 30 , 31 ], and regular engagement in aerobic exercises, such as jogging and walking, leads to decreases in the systolic BP (by 3.84 mmHg) and diastolic BP (by 2.58 mmHg) [ 32 ]. The mechanism involved in the prevention of cerebrovascular disease includes improvements in the quality of cardiovascular function, and secondary actions that work via improvements in the quality of cerebrovascular disease risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes, lipedema, obesity, and atrial fibrillation [ 33 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship of leisure-time and household physical activity level and type with cardiovascular disease: secondary analysis of the Takashima Study data

Iwase

Tanaka‐Mizuno

Takashima

et al. 2022

BMC Cardiovasc Disord

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Background High levels of participation in leisure-time and household physical activity lower the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), although it is unclear whether the number of activity types is related to new-onset CVD. We aimed to evaluate the effect of the amount of leisure-time physical activity and the number of types of leisure-time physical activities on the risk of CVD incidence. Methods From 2002 to 2003, 3,741 participants without any history of CVD participated in the Takashima Study. Data on the amount of leisure-time and household physical activity and the types of leisure-time and household physical activity were obtained from a self-administered questionnaire. Hazard ratios for CVD (acute myocardial infarction and stroke) incidence (follow-up data from 2002 to 2013), according to the participation level and number of activity types, were calculated using Cox proportional hazards models. Results The mean age of the subjects was 58.7 ± 13.1 years. During the mean follow-up period of 8.0 ± 1.1 years, 92 participants developed CVD. An inverse dose–response relationship was noted between the amount of leisure-time and household physical activity and CVD events. After adjusting for baseline characteristics, lifestyle-related diseases, and the amount of physical activity other than leisure-time and household, the risk of CVD onset was compared by dividing the participants into two groups by the level of participation; the highest activity group had an adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) of 0.40 (0.20–0.82) compared to the lowest activity group. Compared to participants who engaged in 0–1 type of activity, participants who engaged in two or more types of activities had a multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) of 0.31 (0.12–0.79). Conclusion Increasing the amount of leisure-time and household physical activity and promoting engagement in two or more types of such activities may reduce the rate of CVD incidence in the Japanese general population.

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Effect of Aerobic Exercise on Blood Pressure: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Cited by 64 publications

References 0 publications

A crossover control study of three methods of heat acclimation on the magnitude and kinetics of adaptation

A crossover control study of three methods of heat acclimation on the magnitude and kinetics of adaptation

Relationship of early life stress and psychological functioning to blood pressure in the CARDIA study.

Relationship of leisure-time and household physical activity level and type with cardiovascular disease: secondary analysis of the Takashima Study data

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